1. Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, epsilon. 2. Symbol for molar absorption coefficient or extinction coefficient. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term. 3. In chemistry, denotes a position of a substituent located on the fifth atom from the carboxyl or other primary functional group. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term.
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1. Symbol for exa-; extraction ratio; glutamic acid; energy; electromotive force; glutamyl; internal energy. 2. As a subscript, refers to expired gas; obsolete symbol for einsteinium.
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Symbols for oxidation-reduction potential.
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Symbol for estrone.
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Symbol for estradiol.
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Abbreviation for entgegen.
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Symbol for elementary charge; base of natural logarithms (2,71828...).
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Abbreviation for experimental allergic encephalitis.
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Harry, U.S. physician and cell biologist, 1905-1992. See E.'s basal medium, minimum essential medium.
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W., 20th century U.S. otolaryngologist. See E. syndrome.
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Henry, English ophthalmologist, 1852-1913. See E.'s disease.
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The organ of hearing: composed of the external e. , which includes the auricle and the external acoustic, or auditory, meatus; the middle e. , or the tympanic cavity with its ossicles; and the internal e. or inner e. , or labyrinth, which includes the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. See also auricle.auris [NA]; [A.S. eáre]
aviator's e. aerotitis media
Aztec e. an auricle with the lobule absent.
bat e. lop-ear
Blainville e.'s asymmetry in size or shape of the auricles.
boxer's e. cauliflower e
Cagot e. (ka-go´) an auricle having no lobulus. [a people in the Pyrenees among whom physical stigmata are common]
cauliflower e. thickening and induration of the e. with distortion of contours following extravasation of blood within its tissues.boxer's e;
darwinian e. an auricle in which the upper border is not rolled over to form the helix, but projects upward as a flat, sharp edge.
dog e. redundant corner of skin, usually the result of mismatch in a wound closure, leaving an excessive hump or triangular bit of tissue.
external e. auris externa [NA]; See also auricle, external acoustic meatus, pinna.
glue e. middle e. inflammation with thick mucoid effusion caused by long-standing eustachian tube obstruction.
internal e. auris interna [NA]; See also labyrinth.
lop e. See lop-ear.
middle e. auris media [NA]; See also tympanic cavity.
Morel's e. a large, misshapen, outstanding auricle, with obliterated grooves and thinned edges.
Mozart e. a deformity of the pinna where the two crura of the antihelix and the crus of the helix are fixed, giving a bulging appearance of the superior part of the pinna. [Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791, composer, said to have had this deformity]
scroll e. a deformity of the external e. in which the pinna is rolled forward.
Stahl's e. a deformed external e., in which the fossa ovalis and upper portion of the scaphoid fossa are covered by the helix; regarded as a stigma of degenerate constitution.
swimmer's e. otitis externa
Wildermuth's e. an e. in which the helix is turned backward and the anthelix is prominent.
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Pain in the ear.otalgia, otodynia;
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tympanic membrane
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Wilton R., U.S. pathologist, 1902-1962. See E. L fibrosarcoma.
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See under solution.
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1. Soil; the soft material of the land, as opposed to rock and sand. 2. An easily pulverized mineral. 3. An insoluble oxide of aluminum or of certain other elements characterized by a high melting point. [A.S. eorthe]
alkaline e.'s See alkaline earth elements, under element.
diatomaceous e. a powder made of desiccated diatom material; used as a filtering agent, adsorbent, and abrasive in many chemical operations.
fuller's e. 1. an amorphous variety of kaolin of varying composition, containing an aluminum magnesium silicate. The name is derived from an ancient process of cleansing or "fulling" wool to remove the oil and dirt particles with a water slurry of e. or clay. 2. a refined clay sometimes used as a dusting powder or applied moistened with water as a form of poultice. Currently refers to any clay that can be used for the purpose of decolorizing in oil refining. Used as decolorizer for oils and other liquids, filtering medium, filler for rubber, and in agricultural formulations. [fr. fulling, an old process of cleaning wool, with earth or clay]
rare e.'s See lanthanides.
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geophagia
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cerumen
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1. To take solid food. 2. To chew and swallow any substance as one would food. 3. To corrode. [A.S. etan]
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Monroe D., U.S. microbiologist, *1904. See E. agent, agent pneumonia.
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Lee M., U.S. neurologist, 1905-1958. See E.-Lambert syndrome.
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Abbreviation for elementary bodies (1), under body.
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Hermann, German, 1850-1909. See E. test.
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Karl J., German physician, 1835-1926. See E.'s bacillus, lines, under line, perithelium.
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Victor von. See von Ebner.
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Removal of loose fragments of bone from a wound. [L.]
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Twisting a polyp on its stalk to cause atrophy. [Fr.]
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Wilhelm, German physician, 1836-1912. See E.'s anomaly, disease, sign; Armanni-E. change, kidney; Pel-E. disease, fever.
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Formation of water vapor bubbles in the tissues brought on by an extreme reduction in barometric pressure; occurs if the body is exposed to pressures which are found above an altitude of 63,000 feet. [L. ebullire, to boil out]
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A tissue resembling ivory in outward appearance or structure. [L. ivory]
e. den´tis dentin
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A change in exposed subchondral bone in degenerative joint disease in which it is converted into a dense substance with a smooth surface like ivory.bone sclerosis; [L. eburneus, of ivory]
e. of dentin a condition observed in arrested dental caries wherein decalcified dentin is burnished and takes on a polished, often brown-stained appearance.
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Resembling ivory, especially in color.
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Increased density and hardness of dentin, which may occur after the dentin is exposed. [L. eburneus, of ivory, + G. -itis, inflammation]
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Abbreviation for Epstein-Barr virus.
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Abbreviation for Enzyme Commission of the International Union of Biochemistry, used in conjunction with a unique number to define a specific enzyme in the Enzyme Commission's list [Enzyme Nomenclature], (1984); e.g., EC 1.1.1.1 defines an alcohol dehydrogenase; EC 2.6.1.1 defines aspartate aminotransferase, popularly known as glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT).
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Out of, away from. [G.]
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uvomorulin
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A type of retractor. [Fr. écarter, to separate]
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Tailless. [L. e- priv. + cauda, tail]
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ergotoxine
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1. Abnormal or peculiar in ideas or behavior.erratic (1); 2. Proceeding from a center. Cf. centrifugal (2) . 3. peripheral [G. ek, out, + kentron, center]
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Abnormal epiphysial development from eccentric centers of ossification. [G. ek, out + kentron, center, + chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a molding]
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Pressure exerted from within outward. [G. ek, out, + kentron, center, + piesis, pressure]
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1. A cartilaginous neoplasm arising as an overgrowth from normally situated cartilage, as a mass protruding from the articular surface of a bone, in contrast to enchondroma. 2. An enchondroma which has burst through the shaft of a bone and become pedunculated.ecchondrosis; [G. ek, from, + chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumor]
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ecchondroma
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chondrotome [G. ek, out, + chondros, cartilage, + tome, incision]
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A notochordal rest of the cranial clivus which may form a small tumor.
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A slight hematoma following a bruise. [G. ek, out, + chymos, juice, + -oma, tumor]
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Characterized by or affected with ecchymosis.
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A purplish patch caused by extravasation of blood into the skin, differing from petechiae only in size (larger than 3 mm diameter). [G. ekchymosis, ecchymosis, fr. ek, out, + chymos, juice]
bilateral medial orbital e.'s raccoon eyes, under eye
Tardieu's e.'s subpleural and subpericardial petechiae or ecchymoses (or both), as observed in the tissues of persons who have been strangled, or otherwise asphyxiated.Tardieu's petechiae, Tardieu's spots;
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Relating to an ecchymosis.
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See Paget-Eccleston stain.
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1. exocrine (1) 2. Denoting the flow of sweat. [G. ek-krino, to secrete]
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The branch of physiology and of anatomy concerned with the secretions and the secreting (exocrine) glands. [G. ek-drino, to secrete, + logos, study]
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1. The removal of waste products. 2. Any waste product; excrement. [G. separation]
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1. Promoting the expulsion of waste matters. 2. An agent that promotes excretion.
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ectopic pregnancy [G. ek, out, + kyesis, pregnancy]
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Denoting a disease brought into a region from without. [G. ekdemos, foreign, from home, fr. demos, people]
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A morbid tendency to undress to produce sexual desire in others. [fr. G. ekdyo, to remove one's clothes]
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Desquamation, sloughing, or molting as a necessary phenomenon to permit growth in arthropods and skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles. [G. ekdysis, shedding]
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Abbreviation for extracellular fluid.
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Abbreviation for eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.
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Abbreviation for extracellular fluid volume.
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Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.
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3beta-Hydroxy-1aH,5a H-tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid;the important part of the cocaine molecule; a topical anesthetic; basis of many coca alkaloids.
ecgonine e. benzoylecgonine
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Rarely used term for a mental disturbance caused by continuous disturbing noises. [G. echein, to suffer from noises in ears]
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The sticktight flea, a serious pest of poultry in subtropical America; also frequently attacks domestic mammals and humans.
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See echino-.
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echinulate
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Prickly, spiny. [G. echinos, hedgehog, sea urchin]
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A genus of digenetic flukes (family Echinostomatidae), particularly common in wading and fish-eating birds; the species E. perfoliatus var. japonicus is reported as a rare intestinal parasite of humans in Japan. [echino- + G. chasma, open mouth]
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echinococcus disease
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Infection with Echinococcus; larval infection is called hydatid disease.echinococcus disease;
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A genus of very small taeniid tapeworms, two to five segments in adult worms; adults are found in various carnivores but not in humans; larvae, in the form of hydatid cysts, are found in the liver and other organs of ruminants, pigs, horses, rodents, and, under certain epidemiological circumstances, humans (e.g., sheep herders living closely with their infected dogs). [echino- + G. kokkos, a berry]
E. granulo´sus hydatid tapeworm, a species in which adults infect canids and the larval form (osseous and unilocular hydatid cysts) infects sheep and other ruminants, pigs, and horses; may also occur in humans, giving rise to a large cyst in the liver or other organs and tissues.
E. multilocula´ris a north temperate and Arctic species that occurs, in the adult form, in foxes; the larva (alveolar hydatid cyst) is found in the liver of microtine rodents and in humans; it produces a proliferative, often slow-growing cyst in the liver that, in humans, is usually fatal.
E. voge´li a species reported from humid tropical forests of Panama and northern South America causing a polycystic form of human hydatid disease intermediate between cystic and alveolar hydatid disease; the typical cycle involves domestic dogs and wild canids as host of the adult tapeworm, and rodents such as the paca (Cuniculus paca) as the intermediate host for the cystic form.
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A crenated red blood cell. [echino- + G. kytos, cell]
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A member of the phylum Echinodermata.
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A phylum of Metazoa which includes starfish, sea urchins, sea lilies, and other classes. All but the sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are basically radially symmetrical and most possess a calcareous endoskeleton with external spines. They inhabit the sea bottom, some near shore, others in deep water. [echino- + G. derma, skin]
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A genus of acanthocephalid (thorny-headed) worms which originally included species now contained in Macracanthorhynchus, Gigantorhynchus, and other genera. [echino- + G. rhynchos, snout]
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A condition in which the red blood cells have lost their smooth outlines, resembling an echinus or sea urchin. [echino- + G. -osis, condition]
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A genus of digenetic flukes (family Echinostomatidae) with characteristic oral spines; widely distributed and parasitic in a broad range of bird and mammal hosts; several species have been reported in man from Southeast Asia. [echino- + G. stoma, mouth]
E. iloca´num a species reported from man in the Philippines.
E. malay´anum a species typically found in the pig, but reported occasionally from man in Malaysia; infection results from ingestion of snails with infective cysts (metacercariae).
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Infection of birds and mammals, including humans, with trematodes of the genus Echinostoma.
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Prickly or spinous. Covered with small spines.echinate; [Mod. L. echinulus, dim. of L. echinus, hedgehog]
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The saw-scaled or carpet viper, a genus of small (under 1 m), irritable, and alert snakes with a highly toxic venom; they are responsible for numerous snakebite cases with many fatalities. [G. echis, a viper]
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1. A reverberating sound sometimes heard during auscultation of the chest. 2. In ultrasonography, the acoustic signal received from scattering or reflecting structures or the corresponding pattern of light on a CRT or ultrasonogram. 3. In magnetic resonance imaging, the signal detected following an inverting pulse. [G.]
atrial e. electrical reactivation of the atrium by a retrograde impulse returning from the A-V node while the antegrade impulse continues to the ventricle; characterized electrocardiographically, by a pair of P waves enclosing a QRS complex, the second P wave being inverted, indicating that it is the reverse (the retrograde pathway) of the pathway of the first P wave (the antegrade pathway).
nodus sinuatrialis e. , NS e. a postectopic sinus beat occurring earlier than would be expected from the preceding sinus node discharge interval; i.e., the interval following a premature beat of supraventricular origin is less than the ordinary cycle length between sinus beats, whereas ordinarily the interval would be expected to exceed cycle length.
e. planar a method of magnetic resonance imaging that allows rapid image acquisition during free induction decay, using technically difficult rapidly oscillating radiofrequency gradients.
spin e. a commonly used technique to recover T2 relaxation signals in magnetic resonance imaging, by using a 180° inverting pulse in the pulse sequence to compensate for loss of transverse magnetization caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities.
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A subjective disturbance of hearing in which a sound appears to be repeated. [echo + G. akouo, to hear]
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Application of ultrasound techniques to the diagnosis and study of the aorta. [echo + aortography]
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The ultrasonic record obtained by echocardiography. See ultrasonography.
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The use of ultrasound in the investigation of the heart and great vessels and diagnosis of cardiovascular lesions.ultrasonic cardiography, ultrasound cardiography; [echo + cardiography]
B-mode e. two-dimensional e
contrast e. the injection of contrast media of high echo reflectants (e.g., bubbles) to outline a chamber or delineate a shunt within the heart.
cross-sectional e. two-dimensional e
Doppler e. use of Doppler ultrasonography techniques to augment two-dimensional e. by allowing velocities to be registered within the echocardiographic image. See duplex ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasonography.duplex e;
duplex e. Doppler e
stress e. echocardiographic monitoring of a circulatory challenge, usually exercise.
transesophageal e. recording of the echocardiogram from a transducer swallowed by the patient to predetermined distances in the esophagus and stomach.
transthoracic e. the standard e. recorded from echocardiographic "windows" on the precordium.
two-dimensional e. e. in which an image is reconstructed from the echoes stimulated and detected by a linear array or moving transducers.B-mode e., cross-sectional e;
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The use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of intracranial processes. [echo + encephalography]
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anechoic
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a structure or medium (e.g., tissue) that is capable of producing echoes. Contrast with the terms hypoechoic, hyperechoic, and anechoic, which refer to the plaucity, abundance, and absence of echoes displayed on the image.
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A record obtained using high frequency acoustic reflection techniques in any one of the various display modes, especially an echocardiogram. See also ultrasonogram. [echo + G. gramma, a diagram]
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ultrasonographer
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A form of agraphia in which one cannot write spontaneously, but can write from dictation or copy. [echo + G. grapho, to write]
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ultrasonography [echo + G. grapho, to write]
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echopraxia [echo + G. kinesis, movement]
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Involuntary parrot-like repetition of a word or sentence just spoken by another person. Usually seen with schizophrenia.echo reaction, echo speech, echophrasia; [echo + G. lalia, a form of speech]
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Term applied to the method by which bats direct their flight and avoid solid objects. The creatures emit high-pitched cries which, though inaudible to human ears, are heard by the bats themselves as reflected sounds (echoes) from objects in their path.
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echopraxia [echo + G. matizo, to strive to do]
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echopathy [echo + G. mimesis, imitation]
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echopraxia [echo + L. motio, motion]
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A form of psychopathology, usually associated with schizophrenia, in which the words (echolalia) or actions (echopraxia) of another are imitated and repeated.echomimia; [echo + G. pathos, suffering]
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A duplication of the voice sound occasionally heard during auscultation of the chest. [echo + G. phone, voice]
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The mental association of sound tones with particular colors. [echo + G. phos (phot-), light, + tonos, tone]
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echolalia [echo + phrasis, speech]
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Involuntary imitation of movements made by another. See echopathy.echokinesis, echokinesia, echomatism, echomotism; [echo + G. praxis, action]
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Instrument for displaying echoes by means of ultrasonic pulses on an oscilloscope to demonstrate structures lying at depths within the body. [echo + G. skopeo, to view]
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Diethoxyphosphorylthiocholine iodide;a potent organophosphorus compound and cholinesterase inhibitor, used in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Reclassified as Rhinovirus type 1.
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ECHO virus
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Nikolai V., Russian physiologist, 1849-1917. See E. fistula; reverse E. fistula.
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Alexander, German anatomist, 1816-1887. See E.'s fissure.
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Enrique E., U.S. bacteriologist, 1887-1966. See Rees-E. fluid.
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Eversion of a lip. [G. ek, out, + L. labium, lip]
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Occurrence of one or more convulsions, not attributable to other cerebral conditions such as epilepsy or cerebral hemorrhage, in a patient with preeclampsia. [G. eklampsis, a shining forth]
puerperal e. convulsions and coma associated with hypertension, edema, or proteinuria occurring in a woman following delivery.puerperal convulsions;
superimposed e. superimposed preeclampsia
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Relating to eclampsia.
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Causing eclampsia.
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Picking out from different sources what appears to be the best or most desirable. [G. eklektikos, selecting, fr. ek, out, + lego, to select]
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1. A now defunct system of medicine that advocated use of indigenous plants to effect specific cures of certain signs and symptoms. 2. A system of medicine practiced by ancient Greek and Roman physicians who were not affiliated with a medical sect but who adopted the practice and teachings which they considered best from other systems.
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Obsolete term for a loss of memory for recent events. [G. ek, out, + mnesios, relating to memory]
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The environment. [G. oikos, house, household, habitation]
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The study of the interactions of endocrine systems with the environment.
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Abbreviation for electrocorticography.
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The framework of a red blood cell. [eco- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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The bias that may occur because an association observed between variables at an aggregate level does not necessarily represent an association that exists at an individual level; an error of inference due to failure to distinguish between different levels of organization.
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The branch of biology concerned with the total complex of interrelationships among living organisms, encompassing the relations of organisms to each other, to the environment, and to the entire energy balance within a given ecosystem.bioecology, bionomics (2); [eco- + G. logos, study]
human e. the relations of persons to their total (biologic and social) environment.
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Obsolete term for a syndrome of domineering behavior at home and humility toward persons in authority. [eco- + G. mania, frenzy]
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1-2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole;a broad spectrum antifungal agent used in the treatment of tinea pedis and related fungal infections.
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See von Economo.
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system; the body regarded as an aggregate of functioning organs. [G. oikonomia, management of the house, fr. oikos, house, + nomos, usage, law]
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Obsolete term for a morbid fear of one's home surroundings. See also nostophobia. [eco- + G. phobos, fear]
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Two or more populations of a species isolated by ecological barriers, theoretically able to exchange genes and interbreed, but partially separated from one another by differences in habitat or behavior.
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1. The fundamental unit in ecology, comprising the living organisms and the nonliving elements that interact in a defined region. 2. A biocenosis (biotic community) and its biotope.ecological system;
parasite-host e. parasitocenose
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Migration of lymphocytes "homing" from the thymus and bone marrow into tissues possessing an appropriate microenvironment. [eco- + G. taxis, order, arrangement]
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One who obtains erotic gratification through listening to sexual accounts. [Fr. a listener-in]
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A brush with firm bristles for freshening sores or abrading the interior of a cavity. [Fr., cleaning brush]
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The recall of memory. [G. ek, out, + phora, a carrying]
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To revive a memory. [see ecphoria]
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A warty growth or protuberance. [G. a pimply eruption]
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Obsolete term for a snare, especially one of enough strength to cut through the base or pedicle of a tumor. [Fr. écraser, to crush]
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Abbreviation for electrocerebral silence.
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Mental exaltation, with some degree of sensory anesthesia and a rapturous expression. [G. ekstasis, astonishment]
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Relating to or marked by ecstasy.
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exstrophy
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Abbreviation for electroconvulsive therapy, electroshock therapy.
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See ecto-.
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Obsolete term for colectasia. [G. ektasis, a stretching, + kolon, colon]
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Outward. [G. ektos, outside, + L. ad, to]
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Outer; external. [G. ektos, outside]
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Dilation of a tubular structure. [G. ektasis, a stretching]
annuloaortic e. supravalvular dilation of the aorta involving both its wall and the valve ring, which, however, remains of smaller diameter than the more distal ectatic wall; many cases are related to Marfan's syndrome.aortoannular e;
aortoannular e. annuloaortic e
e. cor´dis dilation of the heart.
corneal e. keratoectasia
diffuse arterial e. spontaneous enlargement with dilation of the vessels in a circumscribed area.
familial aortic e. (ek´ta-ze-a) familial aortic ectasia syndrome
hypostatic e. dilation of a blood vessel, usually a vein, in a dependent portion of the body, as in varicose veins of the leg.
mammary duct e. dilation of mammary ducts by lipid and cellular debris in older women; rupture of ducts may result in granulomatous inflammation and infiltration by plasma cells. See also plasma cell mastitis.
papillary e. obsolete term for senile hemangioma.
scleral e. sclerectasia
senile e. obsolete term for senile hemangioma.
e. ventric´uli paradox´a hourglass stomach
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Dilation, expansion. [G. ektasis, a stretching]
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Relating to, or marked by, ectasis.
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Relating to both ectoderm and endoderm; denoting the line where these two layers join.ectoental; [G. ektos, outside, + entos, within]
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ethmoidal labyrinth [G. ektos, outside, + ethmoid]
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A pyogenic infection of the skin initiated by beta-hemolytic streptococci and characterized by adherent crusts beneath which ulceration occurs; the ulcers may be single or multiple, and heal with scar formation. [G. a pustule]
contagious e. orf
e. gangreno´sum dermatitis gangrenosa infantum
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Resembling ecthyma.
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The outer layer of the iris. [G. ektos, outside, + iris]
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Outer, on the outside. See also exo-. [G. ektos, outside]
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Any toxin or other excitor of antibody formation, separate or separable from its source.exoantigen;
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1. ectoderm 2. As used by some experimental embryologists, the original outer cell layer from which the primary germ layers are formed; in this sense, synonymous with protoderm. 3. A cell wall. [ecto- + G. blastos, germ]
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Congenital displacement of the heart.exocardia; [ecto- + G. kardia, heart]
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Pertaining to the pars vaginalis of the cervix uteri lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
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suprachoroid lamina
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The outer layer of the cornea.
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1. Relating to substances, either synthesized or arising by decomposition of organisms, that affect plant life. 2. A compound with ectocrine properties. 3. An ectohormone. Cf. endocrine, exocrine. [ecto- + G. krino, to separate]
ecological e. a chemical substance that undergoes biosynthesis in one species and that exerts an effect on the function of another species through mechanisms of the external environment; e.g., the biosynthesis of vitamins by ruminants and their subsequent ingestion by other animals. See also ectohormone.
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The outer layer of a hydatid cyst. [ecto- + G. kystis, bladder]
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The outer layer of cells in the embryo, after establishment of the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).ectoblast (1); [ecto- + G. derma, skin]
amniotic e. inner layer of the amnion continuous with body ectoderm.
blastodermic e. external layer of the blastula.
chorionic e. trophoblast
epithelial e. that part of the e. separating from the neuroectoderm at about the fourth week of embryonic life; the epidermis and its specialized derivatives develop from it.superficial e;
extraembryonic e. derivative of epiblast outside the embryo's body.
superficial e. epithelial e
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Relating to the ectoderm.ectodermic;
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ectodermosis
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ectodermal
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A disorder of any organ or tissue developed from the ectoderm.ectodermatosis;
e. ero´siva plu´riorificia´lis Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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From without inward.
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ectental
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An enzyme that is excreted externally and that acts outside the organism.
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ethmoidal labyrinth
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exogenous [ecto- + G. -gen, producing]
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Not within a globular body; specifically not within a red blood cell.
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A parahormonal chemical mediator of ecological significance which is secreted, largely by an organism (usually an invertebrate) into its immediate environment (air or water); it can alter the behavior or functional activity of a second organism, often of the same species as that secreting the e. See also ecological ectocrine.
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One of the blastomeres involved in formation of ectoderm. [ecto- + G. meros, part]
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The production of merozoites in the asexual reproduction of sporozoan parasites at the surface of schizonts and of blastophores, or by infolding into the schizont, as contrasted with endomerogony; e. has been observed in various species of Eimeria. [ecto- + G. meros, part, + gone, generation]
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mesectoderm (2) [ecto- + G. mesos, middle, + enkyma, infusion]
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A constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues originating from the ectoderm predominate; from a morphological standpoint, the limbs predominate over the trunk.longitype; [ecto- + G. morphe, form]
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Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an ectomorph.
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Removal of an anatomical structure. See also -tomy. [G. ektome, a cutting out]
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Conjoined twins in which the bodies are joined laterally. See conjoined twins, under twin. [ecto- + G. pagos, something fixed]
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A parasite that lives on the surface of the host body.
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An agent that is applied directly to the host to kill ectoparasites. [ectoparasite + L. caedo, to kill]
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infestation
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Inflammation beginning in the deeper layer of the peritoneum which is next to the viscera or the abdominal wall.
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A plant parasite of the skin. [ecto- + G. phyton, plant]
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Congenital displacement or malposition of any organ or part of the body.ectopy, heterotopia (1); [G. ektopos, out of place, fr. ektos, outside, + topos, place]
e. cloa´cae exstrophy of the cloaca
e. cor´dis congenital condition in which the heart is exposed on the chest wall because of maldevelopment of the sternum and pericardium.
crossed renal e. ectopic kidney located on opposite (contralateral) side of midline from its ureteral insertion into bladder. In most instances, the two renal moieties are fused (crossed fused ectopia).
crossed testicular e. testis that has crossed the midline to join its contralateral mate in the contralateral inguinal canal or hemiscrotum.
e. len´tis displacement of the lens of the eye.dislocation of lens;
e. mac´ulae a condition in which one macula is displaced so that the two foveas are not at corresponding retinal points.heterotopia maculae;
e. pupil´lae congen´ita displacement of the pupil present at birth.
e. re´nis displacement of the kidney.
e. tes´tis testis e
testis e. testis that is malpositioned other than along the normal path of descent.e. testis, parorchidium;
e. vesi´cae exstrophy of the bladder
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1. Out of place; said of an organ not in its proper position, or of a pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus.aberrant (3), heterotopic (1), imperforate anus (2); 2. In cardiography, denoting a heartbeat that has its origin in some abnormal focus; developing from a focus other than the sinoatrial node. [see ectopia]
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1. Outside, beyond, or surrounding the placenta; in primates, referring especially to the parts of the trophoblast not directly involved in the formation of the placenta. 2. In rodents, referring to the actively growing part of the trophoblast involved in the formation of the placenta.
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The peripheral, more viscous cytoplasm of a cell; it contains microfilaments but is lacking in other organelles.exoplasm; [ecto- + G. plasma, something formed]
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Relating to the ectoplasm.
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ectopia
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pigmented layer of retina
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The outer membrane, or ectoplasm, of a protozoon. [ecto- + G. sarx, flesh]
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An obsolete method of diagnosis of disease of any of the internal organs by a study of movements of the abdominal wall or thorax caused by phonation. [ecto- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Relating to the external surface of a bone. [ecto- + G. osteon, bone]
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Ossification in cartilage beneath the perichondrium, or formation of bone beneath the periosteum. [ecto- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
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A sheath of spores (conidia) on the outside of a hair. [ecto- + G. thrix, hair]
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exotoxin
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An animal parasite living on the surface of the body. [ecto- + G. zoon, animal]
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Congenital absence of a part. [G. ektrosis, miscarriage]
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Total or partial absence of a hand. [ectro- + G. cheir, hand]
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Congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes. Known also as split-hand/foot deformity, lobster claw. There are several varieties and the pattern of inheritance, which though lasting through multiple generations, is usually somewhat irregular; may be autosomal dominant [MIM*183600-802], autosomal recessive [MIM*225290-300], or X-linked [MIM*313350]. [ectro- + G. daktylos, finger]
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Relating to ectrogeny.
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Congenital absence or defect of any bodily part. [ectro- + G. -gen, producing]
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1. Congenital hypoplasia or aplasia of one or more limbs. 2. A disease of mice caused by the ectromelia virus; characterized by gangrenous loss of feet and necrotic areas in the internal organs; in laboratory mouse colonies, it usually results in high mortality rates.mousepox; [ectro- + G. melos, limb]
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Pertaining to, or characterized by, ectromelia.
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A rolling outward of the margin of a part, e.g., of an eyelid. [G. ek, out, + trope, a turning]
atonic e. e. of the lower eyelid following paralysis of the orbicularis oculi muscle.flaccid e., paralytic e;
cicatricial e. e. of the eyelids after burns, lacerations, or skin infection.
flaccid e. atonic e
paralytic e. atonic e
spastic e. e. of the lower eyelid as a result of ocular irritation.
e. u´veae eversion of the pigmented posterior epithelium of the iris at the pupillary margin.
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Total or partial absence of a foot. [ectro- + G. pous, foot]
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Congenital deformity marked by the absence of one or more digits and the fusion of others. [ectro- + G. syn, together, + daktylos, finger]
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Obsolete term for abortive (1) . [G. ektrotikos, relating to abortion, fr. ektrosis, miscarriage]
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2-Ethyl-cis-crotonylurea;a mild obsolete sedative used in the treatment of nervous tension and anxiety.
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Extreme somatotype, such as ectomorph (longitype) or endomorph (brachytype). [G. ek, out, + typos, stamp, model]
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A condition in which urinary excretion and intake of water act to produce an absolute dehydration of the body. See also emuresis. [G. ek, out, + ouresis, urination]
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Generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin, particularly with vesiculation in the acute stage, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, and crusting; followed often by lichenification and scaling and occasionally by duskiness of the erythema and, infrequently, hyperpigmentation; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning; the vesicles form by intraepidermal spongiosis. Sometimes referred to colloquially as tetter, dry tetter, scaly tetter. [G. fr. ekzeo, to boil over]
allergic e. macular, papular, or vesicular eruption due to an allergic reaction.
atopic e. atopic dermatitis
baker's e. allergic e. due to contact with flour, yeast, or other ingredients handled by bakers.
chronic e. lichenoid e
e. craquelé winter e
e. diabetico´rum e. occurring in diabetes.
e. ep´ilans e. with hair loss.
e. erythemato´sum a dry form of e. marked by extensive areas of redness with scaly desquamation.
facial e. a photosensitivity disease of sheep in New Zealand associated with ingestion of plants during periods when autumn rains produce lush growth following seasons of dryness and close grazing; the predisposing cause is hepatic disease, which results from toxins of the fungus Pithomyces chartarum, which grows on the plants.
flexural e. e. of skin at the flexures of elbow, knees, wrists, etc., associated with atopy persisting through childhood.
hand e. e. that predominantly and persistently affects the hands; of multiple causation, including allergic, industrial, irritant, dyshidrotic, bacterial, and atopic mechanisms.
e. herpet´icum a febrile condition caused by cutaneous dissemination of herpesvirus type 1, occurring most commonly in children, consisting of a widespread eruption of vesicles rapidly becoming umbilicated pustules; clinically indistinguishable from a generalized vaccinia. The two may be distinguished by electron microscopy or demonstration of inclusion bodies in smears, which are intranuclear in e. herpeticum and intracytoplasmic in e. vaccinatum.pustulosis vacciniformis acuta;
e. hypertroph´icum lichenoid e
infantile e. e. in infants; the clinical appearance varies according to the dominant causative mechanism, e.g., contact-type hypersensitivity, candidiasis, atopy, seborrhea, or a combination including intertrigo and diaper dermatitis.
e. intertri´go See intertrigo.
lichenoid e. thickening of skin with accentuated skin lines in e.chronic e., e. hypertrophicum;
e. margina´tum tinea cruris
nummular e. discrete, coin-shaped patches of e.e. nummulare, nummular dermatitis;
e. nummula´re nummular e
e. papulo´sum a dermatitis marked by an eruption of discrete or aggregated reddish excoriated papules.
e. parasit´icum eczematous eruption precipitated by parasite infestation.
e. pustulo´sum a later stage of vesicular e., in which the vesicles have become secondarily infected; the lesions become covered with purulent crusts.impetigo eczematodes;
e. ru´brum a stage of vesicular e., presenting red, excoriated, weeping areas.
seborrheic e. seborrheic dermatitis
e. squamo´sum a form of dry, scaly e.
stasis e. eczematous eruption on legs due to or aggravated by vascular stasis.
tropical e. e. occurring in plaques on extensors of the extremities; of common occurrence and unknown etiology.
e. tylot´icum hyperkeratotic hand and foot eczema.
e. vaccina´tum Kaposi's varicelliform eruption
varicose e. e. occurring over areas in which the skin has been compromised by varicosities.
e. verruco´sum e. with hyperkeratosis; chronic lichenified e.
e. vesiculo´sum dermatitis marked by an eruption of vesicles upon erythematous patches that rupture and exude serum.
weeping e. a moist, eczematous dermatitis.
winter e. e. resulting from accelerated evaporation of moisture (including insensitive sweat) from the cutaneous surface; occurs as dry crackled plaques, usually on the extremities, but not infrequently also on the trunk in any season under circumstances (occupational, environmental) of excessively rapid drying out of the skin.e. craquelé;
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1. Formation of an eruption resembling eczema. 2. Occurrence of eczema secondary to a preexisting dermatosis.
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Resembling eczema in appearance.
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Marked by or resembling eczema.
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Abbreviation for effective dose; ethyldichloroarsine.
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Abbreviation for median effective dose.
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ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
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Abbreviation for estimated date of confinement. See Nägele's rule.
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The external genitals. [G. aidoia, genitals]
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An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities. [G. oidema, a swelling]
ambulant e. e. forming during periods of walking with the legs dependent.
angioneurotic e. angioedema
Berlin's e. retinal e. after blunt trauma to the globe.
blue e. the swelling and cyanosis of an extremity in hysterical paralysis.
brain e. cerebral e
brawny e. nonpitting e
brown e. e. of the lungs associated with chronic passive congestion.
bullous e. a reddened, swollen appearance of the ureteral orifice in the bladder wall, frequently observed with distal ureteral calculi or in tuberculosis of the ureter.
bullous e. vesi´cae a prominent area of focal e. involving the bladder mucosa, consisting of elevated masses of edematous tissue or clusters of clear fluid-filled vesicles; often associated with chronic inflammation or irritation secondary to tubes, foreign bodies, or perivesical inflammation.
cachectic e. e. occurring in diseases characterized by wasting and hypoproteinemia; due to low plasma oncotic pressure.marantic e;
cardiac e. e. resulting from congestive heart failure.
cerebral e. brain swelling due to increased volume of the extravascular compartment from the uptake of water in the neuropile and white matter. See also brain swelling.brain e;
cystoid macular e. e. of the posterior pole of the eye secondary to abnormal permeability of capillaries of the central sensory retina.
dependent e. a clinically detectable increase in extracellular fluid volume localized in a dependent area, as of a limb, characterized by swelling or pitting.
gestational e. occurrence of a generalized and excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of greater than 1+ pitting after 12 hours' bed rest, or of a weight gain of 5 pounds or more in 1 week due to the influence of pregnancy.
e. glot´tidis e. of the larynx.
heat e. e. caused by excessively high external temperature.
hereditary angioneurotic e. (HANE) [MIM*106100] a relatively rare hereditary form of angioneurotic e. characterized by onset, usually in adolescence, of erythema followed by asymptomatic e. associated with either a deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor or a functionally inactive form of the inhibitor; there is uncontrolled activation of early complement components and production of a kinin-like factor which induces the angioedema; autosomal dominant inheritance. Death may occur due to upper respiratory tract e. and asphyxia. There are many families in which there is an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance [MIM*106100]; males outnumber females by about 2 to 1.
hydremic e. obsolete term for e. occurring in states marked by pronounced hydremia.
infantile acute hemorrhagic e. of the skin a generally benign form of cutaneous vasculitis, characterized by ecchymotic purpura, often in a cockade pattern, and inflammatory e. in infants.
inflammatory e. a swelling due to effusion of fluid in the soft parts surrounding a focus of inflammation.
lymphatic e. e. due to stasis in the lymph channels.leukophlegmasia;
malignant e. an acute toxemia of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs caused by the bacterium Clostridium septicum and characterized by edematous swellings around the entry wound, anorexia, high fever, and death.
marantic e. cachectic e
menstrual e. retention of water and increase in weight, which occurs during or preceding menstruation.
e. neonato´rum a diffuse, firm, and commonly fatal e. occurring in the newborn, usually beginning in the legs and spreading upward.
nephrotic e. e. resulting from renal dysfunction.
noninflammatory e. e. due to mechanical or other causes, not marked by inflammation or congestion.
nonpitting e. swelling of subcutaneous tissues which cannot be indented by compression easily. Usually due to metabolic abnormality, such as increased glycosaminoglycan content, like that which occurs in Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema) or in early phase of scleroderma.brawny e;
nutritional e. a form of swelling caused by insufficient protein intake resulting in hypoproteinemia and low plasma oncotic pressure.
periodic e. angioedema
pitting e. e. that retains for a time the indentation produced by pressure.
premenstrual e. See menstrual e.
pulmonary e. e. of lungs usually resulting from mitral stenosis or left ventricular failure.
Quincke's e. angioedema
salt e. e. from excessive intake or retention of sodium chloride.
solid e. infiltration of the subcutaneous tissues by mucoid material, as in myxedema.
Yangtze e. gnathostomiasis
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Making edematous.
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Marked by edema.
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edentulous [L. edentatus]
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Toothless, having lost the natural teeth.edentate; [L. edentulus, toothless]
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A hexameric globulin derived from the castor oil bean, hemp seed, and other seeds.
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USAN-approved contraction for ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the anion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; various e.'s are used as chelating agents to carry cations in (e.g., ferric sodium e. as an iron ion carrier) or out (e.g., sodium e. for calcium or heavy metal ion removal).
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Contracted name for a salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, an agent used as a chelator of lead and some other heavy metals. Available in several forms: disodium, sodium, and trisodium.
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ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
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A line at which a surface terminates. See also border, margin, border.
cutting e. 1. the beveled, knifelike, sharpened working angle of a dental hand instrument; 2. incisal e
denture e. denture border
incisal e. the part of an anterior tooth farthest from the apex of the root.margo incisalis [NA], cutting e. (2), incisal margin, incisal surface, shearing e;
leading e. the initial part of a wave form at maximum slope.
shearing e. incisal e
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Ludwig, German anatomist, 1855-1918. See E.-Westphal nucleus.
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USAN-approved contraction for 1,2-ethanedisulfonate, -O3S(CH2)2SO3-.
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Gustav J.F., German physician, 1842-1910. See E.'s reagent.
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Pehr, Australian scientist, 1916-1977. See E. method; E.'s reagent.
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Abbreviation for endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
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Frederick W., English ophthalmologist, 1863-1953. See Edridge-Green lamp.
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Dimethylethyl (3-hydroxyphenyl)ammonium chloride;a competitive antagonist of skeletal muscle relaxants (curare derivatives and gallamine triethiodide) and an anticholinesterase, used as an antidote for curariform drugs, as a diagnostic agent in myasthenia gravis, and in myasthenic crisis.
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Abbreviation for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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An extract.
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Sweetening.
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To sweeten or render less acrid. [L. e- intensive, + dulcoro, to sweeten, fr. dulcor, sweetness, fr. dulcis, sweet]
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James Hilton, English physician and medical geneticist, *1928. See E.'s syndrome.
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M.L., U.S. physician, *1906. See Carpentier-Edwards valve; Starr-Edwards valve.
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A genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing motile, peritrichous, nonencapsulated rods. The type species is E. tarda, which is occasionally isolated from the stools of healthy humans and those with diarrhea, from the blood of humans and other animals, and from human urine. E. tarda is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in humans. The two other species in this genus are E. hoshinae and E. ictaluri.
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Abbreviation for eastern equine encephalomyelitis.
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Abbreviation for electroencephalogram; electroencephalography.
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Abbreviation for eye, ear, nose, and throat. See also ENT.
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The result or consequence of an action. [L. ef-ficio, pp. effectus, to accomplish, fr. facio, to do]
abscopal e. a reaction produced following irradiation but occurring outside the zone of actual radiation absorption.
additive e. an e. wherein two or more substances or actions used in combination produce a total e. the same as the arithmetic sum of the individual e.'s.
after-e. See aftereffect.
Anrep e. a small transient positive inotropic e. of abrupt increases of systolic aortic and left ventricular pressures related to recovery from transient subendocardial ischemia (e.g., cold pressor test).
Arias-Stella e. Arias-Stella phenomenon
autokinetic e. in psychology, the apparent drifting about of a small, fixed, spot of light which is being observed in a dark room.
Bernoulli e. the decrease in fluid pressure that occurs in converting potential to kinetic energy when motion of the fluid is accelerated, in accordance with Bernoulli's law; applied in water aspirators, atomizers, and humidifiers in which a gas is accelerated across the end of a narrow, fluid-filled orifice.
Bohr e. the influence exerted by carbon dioxide on the oxygen dissociation curve of blood, i.e., the curve is shifted to the right, which means a reduction in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Cf. Haldane e.
Bowditch e. homeometric autoregulation of cardiac function induced by changing heart rate.
Circe e. an e. observed in enzyme catalysis in which accelerated diffusion of the substrate occurs through attractive forces of the enzyme's active site.
clasp-knife e. clasp-knife spasticity
Compton e. in electromagnetic radiations of medium energy, a decrease in energy of the bombarding photon with the dislodgement of an orbital electron, usually from an outer shell.Compton scattering;
Cotton e. the positive and negative displacement from zero of the rotation of plane polarized monochromatic light and the change of monochromatic circularly polarized light into elliptically polarized light in the immediate vicinity of the absorption band of the substance through which the light passes. See also optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism.
Crabtree e. inhibition of cellular respiration of isolated systems by high concentrations of glucose; a "reciprocal" of Pasteur's e.; due, in part, to the inhibition of hexokinase by elevated glucose 6-phosphate. Cf. Pasteur's e.
cumulative e. the condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce e.'s that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose.cumulative action;
Cushing e. Cushing phenomenon
cytopathic e. degenerative changes in cells (especially in tissue culture) associated with the multiplication of certain viruses; when, in tissue culture, spread of virus is restricted by an overlay of agar (or other suitable substance) the cytopathic e. may lead to formation of plaque.
Doppler e. a change in frequency observed when the sound and observer are in relative motion away from or toward each other. See also Doppler shift.Doppler phenomenon;
electrophonic e. the sensation of hearing produced when an alternating current of suitable frequency and magnitude is passed from an external source through a person.
experimenter e.'s the influence of the experimenter's behavior, personality traits, or expectancies on the results of that person's own research. See double blind study.
Fahraeus-Lindqvist e. the decrease in apparent viscosity that occurs when a suspension, such as blood, is made to flow through a tube of smaller diameter; observed in tubes less than about 0.3 mm in diameter.sigma e;
Fenn e. the increased liberation of heat in a stimulated muscle when it is allowed to do mechanical work; the amount of heat liberated is increased in proportion to the distance the muscle is allowed to shorten and in proportion to the tension it must develop (e.g., the weight it lifts) during shortening; thus increased chemical energy is consumed both to liberate increased heat and to do increased mechanical work.
founder e. an unusually high frequency of a gene in a particular population derived from a small set of unrepresentative ancestors.
gene dosage e. in codominant alleles, the more or less linear relationship between the phenotypic value and the number of genes of one type substituted by another type.
generation e. variation in health status arising from the different causal factors of disease to which each successive generation born is exposed as it passes through life.
Haldane e. the promotion of carbon dioxide dissociation by oxygenation of hemoglobin.
halo e. 1. the e. (usually beneficial) that the manner, attention, and caring of a provider have on a patient during a medical encounter, regardless of what medical procedure or services the encounter involves; 2. the influence upon an observation of the observer's perception of the characteristics of the individual observed (other than the characteristics under study) or the influence of the observer's recollection or knowledge of findings on a previous occasion.
Hawthorne e. the e. (usually positive or beneficial) of being under study, upon the persons being studied; their knowledge of the study often influences their behavior. [city in Illinois; site of the Western Electric plant]
healthy worker e. phenomenon observed initially in studies of occupational diseases; workers usually exhibit lower overall death rates than the general population because severely ill and disabled people are excluded from employment.
hyperchromic e. an increase in absorptivity (or extinction) at a particular wavelength of light by a solution or substance due to structural changes in a molecule.
hypochromic e. a phenomenon in which an individual molecule, containing several chromophores, has a certain absorptivity (or optical density) at a given wavelength that is less than the sum of the optical densities of the individual chromophores (at that same wavelength).
Mach e. the appearance of a light or dark line on a radiograph where there is a concave or convex interface in the subject, a physiological optical form of edge enhancement. See also Mach's band.
e. modifier a factor that modifies the e. of a putative causal factor under study; e.g., age is an e. modifier for many conditions.
nuclear Overhauser e. (NOE) an e. seen in nuclear magnetic resonance in which there is a through-space nearest neighbor interaction.
Orbeli e. the fatigue of a muscle stimulated by its nerve (i.e., indirectly) is reduced by concurrent stimulation of sympathetic fibers to the muscle; thought to be caused by norepinephrine diffusing from adrenergic fibers which innervate blood vessels in the muscle.
oxygen e. enhancement of radiosensitivity of cells in a high concentration of oxygen.
Pasteur's e. the inhibition of fermentation by oxygen, first observed by Pasteur; either not observed, or only slightly observed, in malignant tumors. Cf. Crabtree e.
photechic e. the ability of an agent, other than light, to make a developable latent image in a photographic film emulsion.Russell e;
photoelectric e. the loss of electrons from the surface of a metal upon exposure to light; a mode of interaction of radiation with matter in which all of the energy of the incident photon is absorbed, with ejection of a photoelectron and characteristic radiation from filling the vacancy from another shell; since the energy absorption per gram of tissue is proportional to the cube of the atomic number, this mode is important in diagnostic radiography.
piezoelectric e. the property of certain crystalline or ceramic materials to emit electricity when deformed and to deform when an electric current is passed across them, a mechanism of interconverting electrical and acoustic energy; an ultrasound transducer sends and receives acoustic energy using this e.
position e. a change in the phenotypic expression of one or more genes due to a change in its physical location with respect to other genes; may result from change in chromosome structure or from crossing-over.
Purkinje e. Purkinje's phenomenon
Raman e. a change in frequency undergone by monochromatic light scattered in passage through a transparent substance whose characteristics determine the amount of change, yielding a spectrum in which the incident wavelength band is flanked by small satellite bands of greater and lesser wavelengths.
Rivero-Carvallo e. inspiratory increase in the systolic murmur of tricuspid insufficiency; the characteristic distinguishing tricuspid insufficiency from mitral insufficiency.
Russell e. photechic e
second gas e. when a constant concentration of an anesthetic like halothane is inspired, the increase in alveolar concentration is accelerated by concomitant administration of nitrous oxide, because alveolar uptake of the latter creates a potential subatmospheric intrapulmonary pressure that leads to increased tracheal inflow.
sigma e. Fahraeus-Lindqvist e
Somogyi e. in diabetes, a rebound phenomenon of reactive hyperglycemia in response to a preceding period of relative hypoglycemia that has increased secretion of hyperglycemic agents (epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone); described in diabetic patients given too much insulin who developed unrecognized nocturnal hypoglycemia that made them hyperglycemic (suggesting insufficient insulin) when tested the next morning.
Staub-Traugott e. in normal persons, a drop in blood glucose which follows a second oral dose of glucose given 30 minutes or so after the first.
Stiles-Crawford e. light that enters through the center of the pupil produces a greater visual effect than light that enters obliquely.
synergistic e. synergism
Tyndall e. Tyndall phenomenon
Venturi e. term applied to the operation of a Venturi tube and similar systems.
Wedensky e. a relatively long enhancing e. following application of a maximal shock or stimulus to a neuromuscular preparation during which a subthreshold stimulation, otherwise too small to evoke a response, will produce a response; a relatively prolonged lowered threshold of excitability following a maximal shock.
Wolff-Chaikoff e. Wolff-Chaikoff block
Zeeman e. the splitting of spectral lines into three or more symmetrically placed lines when the light source is subjected to a magnetic field.
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1. A measure of the accuracy or success of a diagnostic or therapeutic technique when carried out in an average clinical environment; Cf. efficacy. 2. The extent to which a treatment achieves its intended purpose.
relative biological effectiveness A factor used to compare the biological effectiveness of absorbed radiation doses due to different types and energies of ionizing radiation. It is determined by the ratio of an absorbed dose of the particular radiation in question to the absorbed dose of a reference radiation required to produce an identical biological effect in a specific organism, organ, or tissue.
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1. C. Sherrington's term for a peripheral tissue that receives nerve impulses and reacts by contraction (muscle), secretion (gland), or a discharge of electricity (electric organ of certain bony fishes). 2. A small metabolic molecule that by combining with a repressor gene depresses the activity of an operon. 3. A small molecule that binds to a protein and, in so doing, alters the activity of that protein. 4. A substance, technique, procedure, or individual that causes an effect. [L. producer]
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Acquisition of feminine characteristics, either physiologically as part of female maturation, or pathologically by individuals of either sex. [L. ef-femino, pp. -atus, to make feminine, fr. ex, out, + femina, woman]
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Conducting (fluid or a nerve impulse) outward from a given organ or part thereof; e.g., the efferent connections of a group of nerve cells, efferent blood vessels, or the excretory duct of an organ. [L. efferens, fr. effero, to bring out]
gamma e. the thin axon of a gamma motor neuron innervating the intrafusal muscle fibers of a muscle spindle.
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To boil up or form bubbles rising to the surface of a fluid in large numbers, as in the evolution of CO2 from aqueous solution when the pressure is reduced. [L. ef-fervesco, to boil up, from ferveo, to boil]
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1. Boiling; bubbling; effervescing. 2. Causing to effervesce, as an e. powder. 3. Tending to effervesce when freed from pressure, as an e. solution.
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The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. [L. efficacia, fr, ef-ficio, to perform, accomplish]
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1. The production of the desired effects or results with minimum waste of time, effort, or skill. 2. A measure of effectiveness; specifically, the useful work output divided by the energy input.
quantum e. quantum yield
visual e. a rating used in computing compensation for industrial ocular injuries, incorporating measurements of central acuity, visual field, and ocular motility.
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A stroking movement in massage. [Fr. effleurer, to touch lightly]
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To become powdery by losing the water of crystallization on exposure to a dry atmosphere. [L. ef-floresco (exf-), to blossom, fr. flos (flor-), flower]
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Denoting a crystalline body that gradually changes to a powder by losing its water of crystallization on exposure to a dry atmosphere.
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1. Shedding of hair. See also defluxion (1), defluvium capillorum. 2. Obsolete term for an exhalation, especially one of bad odor or injurious influence. [L. a flowing out, fr. ef-fluo, to flow out]
anagen e. (a´na-jen ef-flu´ve- um) sudden diffuse hair shedding with cancer chemotherapy or radiation, usually reversible when treatment ends.
telogen e. increased transient shedding of normal club hairs by premature development of telogen in anagen follicles, resulting from various kinds of stress, e.g., childbirth, shock, drug intake or cessation of an oral contraceptive, fever, and dieting with marked weight loss.
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Deliberate exertion of physical or mental power.
distributed e. in psychology, learning that involves small units of work and interpolated rest periods, as contrasted with massed learning, in which the individual works continually until the skill is mastered.
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Thin and widely spread; denoting the surface character of a bacterial culture. [L. ef-fundo, pp. -fusus; to pour out]
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1. The escape of fluid from the blood vessels or lymphatics into the tissues or a cavity. 2. The fluid effused. [L. effusio, a pouring out]
joint e. increased fluid in synovial cavity of a joint.
pericardial e. increased amounts of fluid within the pericardial sac, usually due to inflammation.dropsy of pericardium;
pleural e. increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity, usually due to inflammation.
subpulmonic e. a collection of fluid in the pleural space principally hidden between the diaphragm and the caudal surface of the lung.
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2-(Difluoromethyl)-dl-ornithine monohydrochloride, monohydrate;an antineoplastic and antiprotozoal orphan drug used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS and of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness.
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Abbreviation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
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Extremely alert wakefulness. [G. a waking]
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Unabsorbed food residues that are discharged from the digestive tract. [L. e-gero, pp. -gestus, to carry out, discharge]
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Abbreviation for epidermal growth factor.
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The female sexual cell or gamete; after fertilization and fusion of the pronuclei it is a zygote and no longer an egg, although some authors refer to a 2-celled or 4-celled "egg." In reptiles and birds, the egg is provided with a protective shell, membranes, albumin, and yolk for the nourishment of the embryo. See also oocyte, ovum. [A.S. aeg]
centrolecithal e. an e. in which the yolk is concentrated near the center of the e. cell, as is the case in many of the insects.
homolecithal e. an e. in which the total amount of yolk is small and fairly uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm.isolecithal e;
isolecithal e. homolecithal e
microlecithal e. an e. containing a small amount of deutoplasm.
telolecithal e. an e. containing a relatively large quantity of deutoplasm concentrated at the abapical pole; e.g., e.'s of reptiles and birds.
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One of the clumps of cells resulting from the breaking up of the gonadal cords in the ovarian cortex; these clumps later develop into primary ovarian follicles.
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Fritz, Swiss internist, 1863-1938. See E.'s line.
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Cary, U.S. physician, 1884-1966. See E. method.
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The calcareous envelope of a bird's egg.testa (1);
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Without glands. [L. e, without, + gland or glandula]
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See under gland.
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In psychoanalysis, one of the three components of the psychic apparatus in the freudian structural framework, the other two being the id and superego. Although the e. has some conscious components, many of its functions are learned and automatic. It occupies a position between the primal instincts (pleasure principle) and the demands of the outer world (reality principle), and therefore mediates between the person and external reality by performing the important functions of perceiving the needs of the self, both physical and psychological, and the qualities and attitudes of the environment. It evaluates, coordinates, and integrates these perceptions so that internal demands can be adjusted to external requirements, and is also responsible for certain defensive functions to protect the person against the demands of the id and superego. [L. I]
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ego-dystonic
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Egophony with bronchophony. [G. aix (aig-), goat, + bronchos, bronchus, + phone, voice]
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Marked by extreme concentration of attention upon oneself, i.e., self-centered. Cf. allocentric. egotropic; [ego + G. kentron, center]
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The condition of being egocentric.
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Repugnant to or at variance with the aims of the ego and related psychological needs of the individual (e.g., an obsessive thought or compulsive behavior); the opposite of ego-syntonic.ego-alien; [ego + G. dys, bad, + tonos, tension]
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In psychoanalysis, a more or less conscious ideal of personal excellence toward which an individual strives, and that is derived from a composite image of the personal characteristics of a parent, public figure, or one or more other individuals the person admires.
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Extreme self-centeredness, self-appreciation, or self-content. [ego + G. mania, frenzy]
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Relating to egophony.
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A peculiar broken quality of the voice sounds, like the bleating of a goat, heard about the upper level of the fluid in cases of pleurisy with effusion.capriloquism, tragophonia, tragophony; [G. aix (aig-), goat, + phone, voice]
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Acceptable to the aims of the ego and the related psychological needs of the individual (e.g., a delusion); the opposite of ego-dystonic. [ego + G. syn, together, + tonos, tension]
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egocentric [ego + G. trope, a turning]
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Abbreviation for ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid.
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Abbreviation for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.
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Edward L., Danish dermatologist, 1863-1937. See E.-Danlos syndrome.
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Johann, Austrian anatomist, 1790. See E.'s ganglion.
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Heinrich, German physician, *1870. See E.'s phenomenon.
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Paul, German bacteriologist, immunologist, and Nobel laureate, 1854-1915. See Ehrlichia; E.'s anemia, inner body, phenomenon, postulate, diazo reagent, theory; E.-Türk line.stain; reaction
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A genus of small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal, nonmotile, Gram-negative bacteria (order Rickettsiales) that occur either singly or in compact inclusions in circulating mammalian leukocytes; species are the etiologic agents of ehrlichiosis and are transmitted by ticks. The type species is E. canis. [P. Ehrlich]
E. ca´nis the species causing the tick borne disease canine ehrlichiosis in dogs (transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus); it is the type species of the genus E. Occasionally causes tick borne infection in humans.
E. chaffee´nsis a recently described species associated with human ehrlichiosis and carried by the tick vector, Amblyomma americanum, the Lone Star tick.
E. on´diri the species causing bovine petechial fever.
E. pla´tys the species causing canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in dogs.
E. ristic´ii the species causing equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.
E. sennet´su the species causing Sennetsu fever in humans.Rickettsia sennetsu;
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Members of the Rickettsiaceae family; obligate intracellular parasites of peripheral blood leukocytes.
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Infection with parasitic leukocytic rickettsiae of the genus Ehrlichia; in man, especially by E. sennetsu which produces manifestations similar to those of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
canine e. a fatal disease of dogs in Asia, Africa, and the U.S. caused by Ehrlichia canis, transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and characterized by hemorrhage, pancytopenia, and emaciation.tropical canine pancytopenia;
equine monocytic e. a febrile disease of horses in North America caused by Ehrlichia risticii and characterized by anorexia, leukopenia, and occasional diarrhea.Potomac horse fever;
human e. a form of e. that presents clinically as a undifferentiated acute febrile illness characterized by fever, chills, diarrhea, and headache, following tick bite(s), probably by the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum. Caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. First described in 1987. (Thought to be predominantly a monocytic form of ehrlichiosis.)
human granulocytic e. a form of e. in a patient with a history of tick bite. Characterized by leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mild liver damage. (Thought to be predominantly a granulocytic form of e.) The species of Ehrlichia that is the agent of this disease is unknown at present.
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Hermann L., Swiss physician, 1849-1921. See E.'s corpuscles, under corpuscle, neuritis.
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Karl von, German laryngologist, 1873-1960. See E.'s method.
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arachidic acid
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The physiologically active substances derived from arachidonic acid, i.e., the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes; synthesized via a cascade pathway. [G. eicosa-, twenty, + eidos, form]
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gadoleic acid
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1. Relating to the power of visualization of and memory for objects previously seen which reaches its height in children aged 8 to 10. 2. A person possessing this power to a high degree. [G. eidon, saw (aorist of verb)]
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Abbreviation for enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.
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A species of nonmotile, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the adult human oral cavity but may be an opportunistic pathogen, especially in immunocompromised hosts. [M. Eiken, 1958]
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1. An instrument for determining the magnifying power of a microscope, or the size of a microscopic object. 2. An instrument for determining the degree of aniseikonia. [G. eikon, image, + metron, measure]
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Resembling a coil or roll. [G. eilo, to roll up, + eidos, appearance]
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Gustav Heinrich Theodor, German zoologist, 1843-1898. See Eimeria.
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The largest, most economically important, and most widespread genus of the coccidial protozoa (family Eimeriidae, class Sporozoea). The mature oocyst contains four sporocysts, each of which contains two sporozoites. E. may be highly pathogenic, especially in young hosts. Many species are known that infect wild vertebrates; domesticated mammals and birds commonly are infected with one or more species. Domestic animals and fowl suffer from E. infections (coccidiosis) most acutely under conditions of overcrowding with fecal contamination. [G.H.T. Eimer]
E. of cattle E. zuernii, the species most often associated with clinical cases of coccidiosis in calves and young adults; found in the cecum and lower bowel, and sometimes in the small intestine. E. bovis, a species that occurs principally in the small intestine causes clinically recognizable disease; many less common species have been described.coccidia of cattle;
E. of chickens E. tenella, a species producing cecal coccidiosis of young chicks; E. necatrix, producing severe disease in the small intestine and ceca; E. acervulina, E. hagani, and E. praecox, which localize in the duodenum; E. mitis localizes in the small intestine, E. brunetti in the lower small intestine and rectum, and E. maxima in the lower small intestine.coccidia of chickens;
E. of geese E. truncata, a species occurring in the kidney tubules where it causes much damage and considerable mortality in young birds; E. anseris, E. nocens, and E. parvula, occurring in the small intestine where E. anseris can produce hemorrhagic enteritis.coccidia of geese;
E. of pheasants E. phasiani and E. dispersa, species which infect the small intestine; coccidiosis of pheasants in captivity under overcrowded conditions may be very destructive.coccidia of pheasants;
E. of rabbits E. stiedae, the most common species in rabbits, affecting the bile ducts; E. perforans, affecting the small intestine and cecum; E. media, magna, and E. irresidua which infect the small intestine.coccidia of rabbits;
E. sardi´nae species that occurs in sardines and herring, and has been found in the feces of humans who have eaten these fish; it was once erroneously believed to be a coccidium of humans.
E. of sheep and goats E. ovina (arloingi), the most common and destructive species in sheep, principal losses being in young lambs; E. minakolyakimovae, a highly pathogenic parasite of sheep; E. parva and E. pallida are frequently found but believed to be of low virulence; E. faurei, E. intricata, E. granulosa, E. ahsata, E. hawkins, E. gilruthi, E. gonzalezi, E. christenseni, E. punctata, E. crandallis, and E. honessi, are found in sheep or goats, and are probably of low pathogenicity. All of these species invade the epithelium of the small intestine.coccidia of sheep and goats;
E. of swine E. debliecki, the most common and most pathogenic species, involving the small intestine, cecum, and colon; E. scabra, involving the small intestine; E. perminuta, E. spinosa, E. scrofae, E. suis, E. cerdonis, E. porci, and E. neodebliecki believed to have little pathogenicity. See Isospora.coccidia of swine;
E. of turkeys E. meleagridis, a species which localizes in the cecum, E. dispersa and E. innocua in the small intestine, E. adenoeides in the lower ileum, cecum, and rectum, and E. gallopavonis in the ileum and rectum.coccidia of turkeys;
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A family of sporozoan coccidia; important genera are Eimeria and Isospora, infections by Eimeria being by far the most common and most serious in domesticated animals. [see Eimeria]
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See under stain.
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A unit of energy equal to 1 mol quantum, hence to 6.0221367 x 1023 quanta. The value of e., in kJ, is dependent upon the wavelength. [A. Einstein, German-born theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in U.S., 1879-1955]
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An artificially prepared transuranium element, atomic no. 99, atomic wt. 252.0; it has many isotopes, all of which are radioactive (252Es has the longest known half-life, 1.29 years).
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Willem, Dutch physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1860-1927. See E.'s equation, law, string galvanometer, triangle.
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Carl, German physician, 1847-1896. See E.'s syndrome.
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Victor, German physician, 1864-1932. See E.'s complex, defect, disease, syndrome, tetralogy.
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Rarely used term for afferent. [G. eis, into, + hodos, a way]
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1. To expel suddenly, as of semen. 2. Semen expelled in ejaculation. [see ejaculation]
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ejaculation
e. defic´iens absence of ejaculation.
e. prae´cox premature ejaculation
e. retarda´ta unusually delayed ejaculation.
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Emission of seminal fluid.ejaculatio; [L. e-iaculo, pp. -atus, to shoot out]
premature e. during sexual intercourse, too rapid achievement of climax and e. in the male relative to his own or his partner's wishes.ejaculatio praecox;
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Relating to an ejaculation.
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ejection (2) [L. ntr. pl. of ejectus, pp. of ejicio, to throw out]
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1. The act of driving or throwing out by physical force from within. 2. That which is ejected.ejecta; [L. ejectio, from ejicio, to cast out]
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A device used for forcibly expelling (ejecting) a substance.
saliva e. a hollow, perforated suction tube used in the evacuation of saliva or liquid debris from the oral cavity.dental pump, saliva pump;
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Abbreviation for excitatory junction potential.
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Erick, 20th century Swedish internist. See E. maneuver.
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Prefix used to denote an undiscovered or just discovered element in the periodic system before a proper and official name is assigned by authorities; e.g., eka-osmium, now plutonium. [Sanskrit eka, one]
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K. A., Swedish neurologist, *1907. See E. syndrome.
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Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.
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An acute, toxic form of dysentery of infants seen in Japan and due to Shigella sonnei. [Jap.]
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Abbreviation for electrokymogram.
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The process of working out in detail by labor and study. [L. e-laboro, pp. -atus, to labor, endeavor, fr. labor, toil, to work out]
secondary e. the mental process occurring partly during dreaming and partly during the recalling or telling of a dream by means of which the latent (relatively disorganized and psychologically painful) content of the dream is brought into increasingly more coherent and logical order, resulting in the manifest content of the dream; an aspect of dream work.
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The bloodworm of sheep; a species of nematodes causing filarial dermatosis. [Mod. L. elaea, fr. G. elaia, olive, + agnos, sheep, + phoros, to bear]
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CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH; trans-9-octadecenoic acid;an unsaturated monobasic trans-isomer of oleic acid; found in ruminant fats. Cf. oleic acid.
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eleopathy [G. elaion, oil, + pathos, suffering]
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Abbreviation for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule.
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Any member of the snake family Elapidae.
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A family of highly venomous snakes characterized by a pair of comparatively short, permanently erect deeply grooved fangs at the front of the mouth. There are over 150 species, including the cobra, krait, mamba, and coral snakes. [G. elops, a serpent]
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Cartilaginous fish of the class Chondrichthyes that have platelike gills, with each gill slit opening independently on the body surface. [G. elasmos, a metal plate, + branchia, gills]
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A measure of the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after removal of a deforming force. In medicine and physiology, usually a measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus (e.g., lung, urinary bladder, gallbladder) to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force, the recoil pressure resulting from a unit distention or compression of the viscus; the reciprocal of compliance. The relationship between elasticity and e. is of the same nature as that between the specific inductive capacity of an insulator material and the capacitance of a particular condenser made from that material.
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A serine proteinase hydrolyzing elastin; other e.-like enzymes have been identified (e.g., pancreatic e. [pancreatopeptidase E] and leukocyte e. [lysosomal or neutrophil e.]) with different sequences and kinetic parameters; all have fairly broad specificities.
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1. Having the property of returning to the original shape after being compressed, bent, or otherwise distorted. 2. A rubber or plastic band used in orthodontics as either a primary or adjunctive source of force to move teeth. The term is generally modified by an adjective to describe the direction of the force or the location of the terminal connecting points. [G. elastreo, epic form of elauno, drive, push]
intermaxillary e. material used to provide e. traction between the upper and lower teeth.
vertical e. e. material used in a direction perpendicular to the occlusal plane, connecting one arch wire to the other, and usually used to improve intercuspation.
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1. The elastic layer in the wall of an artery. 2. elastic tissue
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elastin
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The quality or condition of being elastic.
physical e. of muscle the quality of muscle that enables it to yield to passive physical stretch.
physiologic e. of muscle the biologic quality, unique for muscle, of being able to change and resume size under neuromuscular control.
total e. of muscle the combined effect of physical and physiologic e. of muscle.
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A yellow elastic fibrous mucoprotein that is the major connective tissue protein of elastic structures (e.g., large blood vessels); tendons, ligaments, etc.); e.'s precursor is tropoelastin.elasticin;
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A nonencapsulated slow-growing mass of poorly cellular, collagenous, fibrous tissue and elastic tissue; occurs usually in subscapular adipose tissue of old persons. [G. elastos, beaten, + L. fibra, -oma tumor]
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A complex collagen.
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Dissolution of elastic fibers. [elasto- + G. lysis, loosening, fr. luo, to loosen]
generalized e. cutis laxa
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A tumor-like deposit of elastic tissue.
juvenile e. a connective tissue nevus characterized by an increase in the number and size of the elastic fibers. See also osteodermatopoikilosis.
Miescher's e. circinate groups of hyperkeratotic papules that become dislodged, leaving a small bloody depression; associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
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A device for measuring the elasticity of any body or of the animal tissues.
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The mucoprotein of connective tissue; e.g., elastin.
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Fragmentation of elastic tissue in which the normal wavy strands appear shredded and clumped, and take a basophilic stain. [G. rhexis, rupture]
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1. Degenerative change in elastic tissue. 2. Degeneration of collagen fibers, with altered staining properties resembling elastic tissue, or formation by fibroblast-activated ultraviolet or mast cell mediators of abnormal fibers.elastoid degeneration (1), elastotic degeneration;
e. colloida´lis conglomera´ta colloid milium
e. dystroph´ica angioid streaks
e. per´forans serpigino´sa circinate groups of asymptomatic keratotic papules; the epidermis is thickened around a central plug of dermal elastic tissue which is extruded through the epidermis.
solar e. e. seen histologically in the sun-exposed skin of the elderly or in those who have chronic actinic damage.
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The feeling or expression of excitement or gaiety; if prolonged and inappropriate, a characteristic of mania. [L. elatio, fr. ef-fero, pp. e-latus, to lift up]
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Leon J.S., 20th century Belgian pathologist. See E.'s triangle.
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1. The joint between the arm and the forearm.cubitus (1) [NA], ancon; 2. An angular body resembling a flexed e. [A.S. elnboga]
capped e. shoe boil
Little Leaguer's e. an epicondylitis of the medial epicondyle at the origin of the flexor muscles of the forearm; related to throwing and usually seen in children or adolescents.
miner's e. inflammation with fluid distention of the olecranon bursa.
nursemaid's e. longitudinal subluxation of the radial head from the annular ligament.Malgaigne's luxation;
tennis e. chronic inflammation at the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as a result of unusual strain (not necessarily from playing tennis).epicondylalgia externa, lateral humeral epicondylitis;
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Angular; kneed.
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sambucus
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Electric, electricity. [G. elektron, amber (on which static electricity can be generated by friction)]
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Analgesia induced by the passage of an electric current.
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Quantitative analysis of metals by electrolysis.
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Anesthesia produced by an electric current.
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axonography
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An apparatus for recording gait. [electro- + G. basis, walking, + grapho, to write]
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The graphic process by which an electrobasograph is made; used for gait analysis.
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Rare term for use of electricity as a means of determining whether life is present or not. [electro- + G. bios, life, + skopeo, to examine]
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Graphic record of the heart's integrated action currents obtained with the electrocardiograph. [electro- + G. kardia, heart, + gramma, a drawing]
scalar e. (skal´ar) electrocardiographic lead output that can be displayed on one plane of the body in contradistinction to vector electrocardiogram in which the display is on two or more planes.
unipolar e. an e. taken with the exploring electrode placed on the chest overlying the heart or upon a single limb, the indifferent ("zero" potential) electrode being the central terminal.
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An instrument for recording the potential of the electrical currents that traverse the heart and initiate its contraction.
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1. A method of recording electrical currents traversing the heart muscle just prior to each heart beat. 2. The study and interpretation of electrocardiograms.
fetal e. recording the electrocardiogram of the fetus in utero.
precordial e. recording of electrocardiographic signals from the anterior left chest; conventionally six electrode positions are used but any number may be applied.
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The record obtained by electrocardiophonography.
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Method of electrically recording the heart sounds. [electro- + G. kardia, heart, + phone, sound, + grapho, to write]
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Cauterization by passage of high frequency current through tissue or by metal that has been electrically heated.
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1. An instrument for directing a high frequency current through a local area of tissue. 2. A metal cauterizing instrument heated by an electric current.electric cautery;
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electrocerebral silence
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Flat or isoelectric encephalogram; an electroencephalogram with absence of cerebral activity over 2 muv from symmetrically placed electrode pairs 10 or more centimeters apart, and with interelectrode resistance between 100 and 10,000 ohms; if such a record is present for 30 minutes in a clinically brain dead adult and if drug intoxication, hypothermia, and recent hypotension have been excluded, the diagnosis of cerebral death is supported.electrocerebral inactivity, flat electroencephalogram, isoelectric electroencephalogram;
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Denoting chemical reactions involving electricity, and the mechanisms involved.
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Rarely used term for removal of the gallbladder by electrosurgery.
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Rarely used term for cauterization of gallbladder mucosa by electrosurgery.
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Coagulation produced by an electrocautery.
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The record obtained by electrocochleography.
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A measurement of the electrical potentials generated in the inner ear as a result of sound stimulation. [electro- + L. cochlea, snail shell, + G. grapho, to write]
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The power of contraction of muscular tissue in response to an electrical stimulus.
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Denoting a convulsive response to an electrical stimulus. See electroshock therapy.
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A record of electrical activity derived directly from the cerebral cortex.
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The technique of recording the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex by means of electrodes placed directly on it.
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To cause death by the passage of an electric current through the body. [electro- + execute]
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Death caused by electricity. See electrocute.electrothanasia;
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Recording of electric currents or changes in electric potential from the urinary bladder.
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1. One of the two extremities of an electric circuit; one of the two poles of an electric battery or of the end of the conductors connected thereto. 2. An electrical terminal specialized for a particular electrochemical reaction. [electro- + G. hodos, way]
active e. a small e. whose exciting effect is used to stimulate or record potentials from a localized area.exciting e., localizing e., therapeutic e;
calomel e. an e. in which the wire is connected through a pool of mercury to a paste of mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2, calomel) in a potassium chloride solution covered by more potassium chloride solution; commonly used as a reference e.
carbon dioxide e. a glass e. in a film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic membrane permeable to carbon dioxide but impermeable to water and electrolytes; the carbon dioxide pressure of a gas or liquid sample quickly equilibrates through the membrane and is measured in terms of the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution, as sensed by the glass e.; commonly used to analyze arterial blood samples.Severinghaus e;
central terminal e. in electrocardiography, an e. in which connections from the three limbs (right arm, left arm, and left leg) are joined and led to the electrocardiograph to form the indifferent e., theoretically at zero potential for the system.
Clark e. an oxygen e. consisting of the tip of a platinum wire exposed to a thin film of electrolyte covered by a plastic membrane permeable to oxygen but not to water or the electrolyte. When a certain voltage is applied, oxygen is destroyed at the platinum surface; the flow of current is then proportional to the rate at which oxygen can diffuse to the platinum surface from the gas or liquid sample outside the membrane, and is thus a measure of the oxygen pressure in the sample; commonly used to measure oxygen pressure in arterial blood samples.
dispersing e. indifferent e
exciting e. active e
exploring e. an e. placed on or near an excitable tissue; in unipolar electrocardiography, the e. is placed on the chest in the region of the heart and paired with an indifferent electrode.
glass e. a thin-walled glass bulb containing a standard buffer solution, quinhydrone, and a platinum wire; when immersed in an unknown solution, a potential difference develops that varies with the pH of the unknown solution; this difference can be made to give the pH; used in pH meters.
hydrogen e. the ultimate standard of reference in all pH determinations, limited and technically difficult to use, consisting of a piece of spongy platinum black partly immersed in a solution in a small glass tube; the tube above the solution is filled with hydrogen gas that is bubbled through the solution and absorbed by the platinum; the electrode thus measures the potential between H2 and H+, the "standard" potential of which (1 atmosphere, 1 molar) is taken as zero; hence, the hydrogen e. potential measures [H+] or pH.
indifferent e. in unipolar electrocardiography, a remote e. placed either upon a single limb or connected with the central terminal and paired with an exploring e.; the indifferent e. is supposed to contribute little or nothing to the resulting record.dispersing e., silent e;
ion-selective e.'s glass, liquid ion-exchange, or solid state e.'s used to measure electrolyte and calcium ion activity in biological fluids.
localizing e. active e
negative e. cathode
oxidation-reduction e. an e. capable of measuring oxidation-reduction potential. See quinhydrone e.redox e;
oxygen e. an e., usually consisting of a platinum wire or dropping mercury, used to measure the oxygen concentration in a solution by polarography.
positive e. anode
quinhydrone e. one of several oxidation-reduction e.'s in which the ratio of the two forms (quinone-quinhydrone), determined by the hydrogen ion concentration, sets up a potential that can be measured and converted to a pH value (fails above pH 8).
redox e. oxidation-reduction e
reference e. an e. expected to have a constant potential, such as a calomel e., and used with another e. to complete an electrical circuit through a solution; e.g., when a reference e. is used with a glass e. for pH measurement, changes in voltage between the two e.'s can be attributed to the effects of pH on the glass e. alone.
Severinghaus e. carbon dioxide e
silent e. indifferent e
therapeutic e. active e
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Pertaining to electric properties of the skin, usually referring to altered resistance. [electro- + G. derma, skin]
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Any dermatome powered by electricity.
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Destruction of lesions or sealing off of blood vessels (usually of the skin, but also of available surfaces of mucous membrane) by monopolar high frequency electric current. [electro- + L. desicco, to dry up]
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1. The use of electronic devices for diagnostic purposes. 2. By convention, the studies performed in the EMG laboratory, i.e., nerve conduction studies and needle electrode examination (EMG proper).electroneurography; 3. Determination of the nature of a disease through observation of changes in electrical activity.
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In an electric field, the removal of ions from larger molecules and particles. Cf. electro-osmosis.
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The record obtained by means of the electroencephalograph.
flat e. electrocerebral silence
isoelectric e. electrocerebral silence
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A system for recording the electric potentials of the brain derived from electrodes attached to the scalp. [electro- + G. encephalon, brain, + grapho, to write]
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Registration of the electrical potentials recorded by an electroencephalograph.
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Endosmosis produced by means of an electric field.
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The process of separating macromolecules or small molecules via electrophoresis in a pH gradient.
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The record obtained with the electrogastrograph.
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An instrument used in electrogastrography. [electro- + G. gaster, stomach, + grapho, to write]
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The recording of the electrical phenomena associated with gastric secretion and motility.
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1. Any record on paper or film made by an electrical event. 2. In electrophysiology, a recording taken directly from the surface by unipolar or bipolar leads.
His bundle e. (HBE) an e. recorded from the His bundle, either in the experimental animal or in man during cardiac catheterization.
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Arrest of hemorrhage by means of an electrocautery. [electro- + G. haima, blood, + stasis, halt]
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Instrument that records uterine electrical activity. [electro- + G. hystera, womb, + grapho, to write]
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An immunochemical method that combines electrophoretic separation with immunodiffusion by incorporating antibody into the support medium.
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An obsolete technique for making a graphic record of the heart's movements produced by the electrokymograph.
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An obsolete apparatus for recording, from changes in the x-ray silhouette, the movements of the heart and great vessels; consists of a fluoroscope, x-ray tube, and a photomultiplier tube together with an electrocardiograph.
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1. Decomposition of a salt or other chemical compound by means of an electric current. 2. Destruction of certain hair follicles by means of galvanic electricity. [electro- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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Any compound that, in solution, conducts electricity and is decomposed (electrolyzed) by it; an ionizable substance in solution. [electro- + G. lytos, soluble]
amphoteric e. an e. that can either give up or take on a hydrogen ion and can thus behave as either an acid or a base.ampholyte;
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Referring to or caused by electrolysis.
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To decompose chemically by means of an electric current.
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An obsolete apparatus for the treatment of strictures, fibromas, etc., by electrolysis.
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A bar of soft iron rendered magnetic by an electric current encircling it.
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Massage combined with the application of electricity.
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Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris to empty the urinary bladder of paraplegics. [electro- + L. micturio, to desire to make water]
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A mutant form of a protein, phenotypically distinguished by its electrophoretic mobility. [electro- + G. morphe, form, shape]
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A graphic representation of the electric currents associated with muscular action.
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An instrument for recording electrical currents generated in an active muscle.
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1. The recording of electrical activity generated in muscle for diagnostic purposes; both surface and needle recording electrodes can be used, although characteristically the latter is employed, so that the procedure is also called needle electrode examination. 2. Umbrella term for the entire electrodiagnostic study performed in the EMG laboratory, including not only the needle electrode examination, but also the nerve conduction studies. [electro- + G. mys, muscle, + grapho, to write]
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One of the negatively charged subatomic particles that are distributed about the positive nucleus and with it constitute the atom; in mass they are estimated to be 1/1836.15 of a proton; when emitted from inside the nucleus of a radioactive substance, e.'s are called beta particles. [electro- + -on]
Auger e. an e. ejected from a lower energy orbital after a photoelectric interaction of an x-ray photon with a K-shell e. by the characteristic radiation photon; the Auger e. recoils with energy equal to the characteristic radiation less the difference in shell binding energies. See photoelectric effect.
conversion e. an internal conversion e.
emission e. a beta particle resulting from radioactive decay.
internal conversion e. an e., similar to an Auger e., released from one of the e. orbits of the atom upon activation by a gamma-ray from that atom's nucleus; the e. has kinetic energy equal to the net energy transition of the disintegration.
positive e. positron
transition e. an e. that moves from one energy level to another to fill a vacancy in a shell, with the emission of characteristic radiation.
valence e. one of the e.'s that take part in chemical reactions of an atom.
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Production of insensibility to pain by the use of electrical current.
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Relating to or charged with negative electricity; referring to an element whose uncharged atoms have a tendency to ionize by adding electrons, thus becoming anions (e.g., oxygen, fluorine, chlorine).
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electrodiagnosis (2)
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Destruction of nerve tissue by electricity.
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A method of measuring changes in a peripheral nerve by combining electromyography of a muscle with electrical stimulation of the nerve trunk carrying fibers to and from the muscle.
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1. Pertaining to electrons. 2. Denoting devices or systems utilizing the flow of electrons in a vacuum, gas, or semiconductor.
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The energy imparted to an electron by a potential of 1 volt; equal to 1.60218 x 10-12 erg in the CGS system, or 1.60218 x 10-19 joule in the SI system.
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A method of nystagmography based on electro-oculography; skin electrodes are placed at outer canthi to register horizontal nystagmus or above and below each eye for vertical nystagmus. [electro- + nystagmus + G. grapho, to write]
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A record of electric currents in electro-oculography.
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Oculography in which electrodes placed on the skin adjacent to the eyes measure changes in standing potential between the front and back of the eyeball as the eyes move; a sensitive electrical test for detection of retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction.
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An electronegative wave of potential occurring on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in response to stimulation by an odor.osmogram, Ottoson potential;
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The diffusion of a substance through a membrane in an electric field. Cf. electrodialysis.
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Removal of fluid, as from the eye, with an electrically activated instrument.
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The study of pathologic conditions in their relation to electrical reactions.
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The densitometric or colorimetric pattern obtained from filter paper or similar porous strips on which substances have been separated by electrophoresis; may also refer to the strips themselves.electrophoretogram, ionogram, ionopherogram;
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1. The electron-attracting atom or agent in an organic reaction. Cf. nucleophil. 2. Relating to an electrophil.electrophilic; [electro- + G. philos, fond]
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electrophil (2)
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Morbid fear of electricity. [electro- + G. phobos, fear]
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The movement of particles in an electric field toward one or other electric pole, anode, or cathode; used to separate and purify biomolecules. See also electropherogram.dielectrolysis, ionophoresis, phoresis (1); [electro- + G. phoresis, a carrying]
capillary zone e. (CZE) a method for separating molecules extremely rapidly based on their electrophoretic mobility.
carrier e. e. done on a carrier (such as paper, polyacrylamide gel, etc.).
disc e. a modification of gel e. in which a discontinuity (pH, gel pore size) is introduced near the origin to produce a lamina (disc) of the materials being separated; the separating bands retain their disc-like shape as they move through the gel.
free e. e. of substances placed in a solution in a U-shaped tube.
gel e. e. through a gel, usually a cylindrical tube or on a slab gel.
isoenzyme e. electrophoretic separation of serum enzymes; separation of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase is commonly used for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
lipoprotein e. electrophoretic separation of plasma lipoproteins.
polyacrylamide gel e. (PAGE) a gel formed by cross-linking of acrylamide that is used for the separation of proteins or nucleic acids. These substances are separated on the basis of both size and charge.
pulsed-field gel e. pulse-field gel e
pulse-field gel e. gel e. in which, after electrophoretic migration has begun, the current is briefly stopped and reapplied in a different orientation; allows for the purification of long DNA molecules.pulsed-field gel e;
thin-layer e. (TLE) electrophoretic migrations (separations) through a thin layer of inert material, such as cellulose, supported on a glass or plastic plate.
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Relating to electrophoresis, as an e. separation.ionophoretic;
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electropherogram
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Phototherapy in which the source of the rays is the electric light.
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Denoting electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve usually at its motor point in the neck. See also electrophrenic respiration.
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The branch of science concerned with electrical phenomena that are associated with physiologic processes. Electrical phenomena are prominent in neurons and effectors.
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An obsolete electric apparatus used for recording breathing. See pneumograph.
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A technique in which a brief electric shock is applied to cells; momentary holes open briefly in the plasma membrane, allowing the entry of macromolecules (e.g., a way of introducing new DNA into a cell).
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Relating to or charged with positive electricity; referring to an element whose atoms tend to lose electrons; e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium.
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Passage of an electrical current through needle electrodes piercing the tissues.
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Archaic term for the use of electricity and x-ray in treatment.
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A modified electroscope designed for the differentiation of radiant energy. [electro- + L. radius, ray, + G. metron, measure]
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A record of the retinal action currents produced in the retina by an adequate light stimulus. [electro- + retina + G. gramma, something written]
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The recording and study of the retinal action currents.
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Division of tissues by means of an electrocautery knife. [electro- + L. scissio, a splitting, fr. scindo, to split]
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An instrument for the detection of electrical charges or ionization of gas by beta or x-rays; consists of two strips of gold leaf suspended from an insulated conductor and enclosed in an airtight container viewed with a low-power microscope. [electro- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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See electroshock therapy.
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colloidal metal
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The recording, study, and interpretation of electroencephalographic wave patterns.
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The record obtained by electrospinography.
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The recording of spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord.
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The precipitation of metals in membrane pores in the course of electrolysis.
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Electrical instrument that amplifies or records the respiratory and cardiac sounds of the chest. [electro- + G. stethos, chest, + grapho, to record]
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The contraction in volume in a protein solution during proteolysis due to the formation of new charged groups.
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Division of tissues by high frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. See also electrocautery.electrotomy;
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Reaction of plant or animal protoplasm to either an anode or a cathode. See also tropism.electrotropism, galvanotaxis, galvanotropism; [electro- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]
negative e. e. by which an organism is attracted toward an anode or repelled from a cathode.
positive e. e. by which an organism is attracted toward a cathode or repelled from an anode.
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electrocution [electro- + G. thanatos, death]
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Use of electricity in the treatment of disease.
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A flexible sheet of resistance coils used for applying heat to the surface of the body. [electro- + G. therme, heat]
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An electric scalpel.
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electrosurgery [electro- + G. tome, incision]
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Relating to electrotonus.
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Changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle cell caused by the passage of a constant electric current. See also catelectrotonus, anelectrotonus.galvanotonus (1); [electro- + G. tonos, tension]
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electrotaxis [electro- + G. trope, a turning]
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confection [G. eleikton, a medicine that melts in the mouth, fr. ekleicho, to lick up]
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An undecapeptide toxin that is formed in the venom gland of cephalopods of the genus Eledone and causes vasodilation and contraction of extravascular smooth muscle.
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A refractile and weakly staining keratin present in the cells of the stratum lucidum of the palmar and plantar epidermis.
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1. A substance composed of atoms of only one kind, i.e., of identical atomic (proton) number, that therefore cannot be decomposed into two or more e.'s, and that can lose its chemical properties only by union with some other e. or by a nuclear reaction changing the proton number. 2. An indivisible structure or entity. 3. A functional entity, frequently exogenous, within a bacterium, such as an extrachromosomal e. [L. elementum, a rudiment, beginning]
actinide e.'s actinides
alkaline earth e.'s those e.'s in the family Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra, the hydroxides of which are highly ionized and hence alkaline in water solution.
amphoteric e. an e. one or more of whose oxides unite with water to form hydroxides that may act as acids or as bases (e.g., aluminum).
anatomical e. any anatomical unit, such as a cell.morphologic e;
copia e.'s a mobile genetic e. with retrovirus-like sequence organization.
electronegative e. an e. whose atoms have a tendency to accept electrons and form negative ions (e.g., oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.).
electropositive e. an e. whose atoms have a tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions (e.g., sodium).
extrachromosomal e. , extrachromosomal genetic e. plasmid
fold-back e.'s a type of transposable e. that possesses long inverted repeats, such that when denatured, loops are formed.
labile e.'s tissue cells, as of epithelium, connective tissue, etc., that continue to multiply by mitosis during the life of the individual.
long interspersed e.'s (LINES) long repetitive sequences in DNA with terminal repeats seen in human and mouse DNA.
morphologic e. anatomical e
neutral e. an e. of the zero group of the periodic system comprising the rare gases, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.noble e. (2);
noble e. 1. noble metal 2. neutral e
P e.'s a class of transposable e.'s in Drosophila responsible for hybrid dysgenesis; utilized as tools for introducing genes into new locations in the genome.
picture e. See pixel.
rare earth e.'s lanthanides
short interspersed e.'s (SINES) repetitive sequences of DNA of about 300 base pairs in length that occur about every 3000-5000 bp in the genome.
trace e.'s e.'s present in minute amounts in the body, many of which are essential in metabolism or for the manufacture of essential compounds; e.g., Zn, Se, V, Ni, Mg, Mn, etc..microelements, microminerals;
transposable e. a DNA sequence that can move from one location in the genome to another; the transposition event can involve both recombination and replication, producing two copies of the moving piece of DNA; the insertion of these DNA fragments can disrupt the integrity of the target gene, possibly causing activation of dormant genes, deletions, inversions, and a variety of chromosomal aberrations.
volume e. See voxel.
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Oil. See also oleo-. [G. elaion, olive oil]
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lipogranuloma [G. elaion, oil, + -oma, tumor]
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oleometer [G. elaion, oil, + metron, measure]
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A rare condition in which there is boggy swelling of the joints, said to be due to a fatty deposit following contusion; or possibly a condition resulting from the injection of paraffin oil as a form of malingering.elaiopathia;
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An 18-carbon fatty acid with three double bonds (at carbons 9, 11, and 13); isomeric with linolenic acid; found in plant fats.
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oleotherapy [G. elaion, oil]
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Relating to elephantiasis.
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Hypertrophy and fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, especially of the lower extremities and genitalia, due to long-standing obstructed lymphatic vessels, most commonly after years of infection by the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi.Barbados leg, elephant leg, mal de Cayenne, mal de San Lazaro, Malabar leprosy, phlegmasia malabarica; [G. fr. elephas, elephant]
congenital e. congenital enlargement of one or more of the limbs or other parts, due to dilation of the lymphatics.
gingival e. a fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva.
e. neuromato´sa enlargement of a limb due to diffuse neurofibromatosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
nevoid e. thickening of skin, usually unilateral, involving a small area or the entire extremity, due to congenital enlargement of lymph vessels and lymph vessel obstruction.
e. scro´ti brawny swelling of the scrotum as a result of chronic lymphatic obstruction.chyloderma, lymph scrotum, parasitic chylocele;
e. telangiecto´des hypertrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues accompanied by and dependent upon dilation of the blood vessels.
e. vul´vae chronic hypertrophic vulvitis
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Rarely used term for an excessive passion for freedom. [G. eleutheros, free, + mania, madness]
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A raised place. See also eminence, eminentia.
tactile e.'s small areas in the skin of the palms and soles especially rich in sensory nerve endings.toruli tactiles [NA];
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1. An instrument for prying up a sunken part, as the depressed fragment of bone in fracture of the skull, or for elevating tissues. 2. A surgical instrument used to luxate and remove teeth and roots that cannot be engaged by the beaks of a forceps, or to loosen teeth and roots prior to forceps application.dental lever; [L. fr. e-levo, pp. -atus, to lift up]
periosteal e. an instrument used for separating the periosteum from the bone.rugine (1);
screw e. a dental instrument with a threaded extremity used for extracting the root of a broken tooth.
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1. An evacuant that promotes excretion or the removal of waste. 2. An agent that increases excretion.
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Expulsion; removal of waste material from the body; the getting rid of anything. [L. elimino, pp. -atus, to turn out of doors, fr. limen, threshold]
carbon dioxide e. (VCO2) (VCO2) the rate at which carbon dioxide enters the alveolar gas from the blood, equal in the steady state to the metabolic production of carbon dioxide by tissue metabolism throughout the body; units: ml/min STPD or mmol/min.
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glossectomy [L. e, out, + lingua, tongue]
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A lipoprotein fraction of red blood cells that contains the Rh and A and B factors.
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Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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A clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquid intended for oral use; e.'s contain flavoring substances and are used either as vehicles or for the therapeutic effect of the active medicinal agents. [Mediev. L., fr. Ar. al- iksir, the philosopher's stone]
phenobarbital e. a palatable, colored hydroalcoholic (12-15% alcohol) mixture containing 20 mg of phenobarbital per 5 ml (teaspoonful); useful in administering the drug to persons who have difficulty swallowing tablets; used as an anticonvulsant and sedative.
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Milo, U.S. urologist, *1905. See E. evacuator.
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Robert H., British ophthalmologist, 1864-1936. See E.'s operation.
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John W., U.S. surgeon, 1852-1925. See E.'s position.
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Thomas R., British physician, 1877-1961. See E.'s law.
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Omission of words or ideas, leaving the whole to be completed by the reader or listener. [G. ek-, out, + leipsis, leaving]
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1. A spherical or spindle-shaped condensation of phagocytic macrophages in a reticular stroma investing the wall of the splenic arterial capillaries shortly before they release their blood in the cords of red pulp. 2. The outer end of the inner segment of the retinal rods and cones. 3. Having the shape of an ellipse or oval.sheath of Schweigger-Seidel; [G. ellips, oval, + eidos, form]
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An elliptical red blood corpuscle found normally in the lower vertebrates with the exception of Cyclostomata; in mammals it occurs normally only among the camels (family Camelidae), hence cameloid cell.cameloid cell, ovalocyte; [G. elleipsis, a leaving out, an ellipse, + kytos, cell]
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A hereditary abnormality of hemopoiesis in which 50 to 90% of the red blood cells consist of rod forms and elliptocytes, often with an associated hemolytic anemia. There are several autosomal dominant forms [MIM*130500, *130600, and *179650] and one autosomal recessive [MIM*177650] form known. See also elliptocytic anemia.ovalocytosis;
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Richard W.B., English physician, 1902-1966. See E.-van Creveld syndrome.
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Edwin H., U.S. physician, 1918-1970. See Zollinger-E. syndrome, tumor.
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Ellis type 2 glomerulonephritis
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See Ellis type 1 glomerulonephritis, Ellis type 2 glomerulonephritis, Ellis type 1 nephritis, Ellis type 2 nephritis.
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Read McLane, U.S. physician, 1899-1970. See E.-Howard test.
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Leo, U.S. thoracic surgeon, 1881-1976. See E. procedure.
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1. The increase in the gauge length measured after fracture in tension within the gauge length, expressed in percentage of original gauge length. 2. The lengthening of a macromolecule; e.g., in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids or in the synthesis of a protein.
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Anton, German ophthalmologist, 1863-1939. See E. pearls, under pearl; E.'s spots, under spot.
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The material that has been eluted.
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The solution emerging from a column or paper in chromatography. [see elution]
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The mobile phase in chromatography.developer (2), elutant; [see elution]
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eluent
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To perform or accomplish an elution.elutriate;
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1. The separation, by washing, of one solid from another. 2. The removal, by means of a suitable solvent, of one material from another that is insoluble in that solvent, as in column chromatography. 3. The removal of antibodies absorbed onto the erythrocyte surface.elutriation; [L. e-luo, pp. lutus, to wash out]
gradient e. e. in column chromatography in which a changing pH or ionic strength is used to separate substances.
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elute
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elution [L. elutrio, pp. -atus, to wash out, decant, fr. e-luo, to wash out]
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Obsolete combining form meaning the vagina. See also colpo-, vagino-. [G. elytron, sheath (vagina)]
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See en-.
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Becoming abnormally thin from extreme loss of flesh.wasting (1); [L. e-macio, pp. -atus, to make thin]
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Removal of spots or other blemishes from the skin. [L. emaculo, pp. -atus, to clear from spots, fr. e-, out, + macula, spot]
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1. Any substance that flows out or is emitted from a source or origin. 2. The radiation from a radioactive element. [L. e- mano, pp. -atus, to flow out]
actinium e. radon-219. See emanon.
radium e. radon-222. See emanon.
thorium e. radon-220. See emanon.
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An institution where, formerly, radiation treatment now considered dangerous (using radioactive waters and the inhalation of radium emanations) was administered.
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In embryology, delimitation of a specific area in an organ-forming field, giving definite shape and limits to the organ primordium.
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Archaic term once used to denote all radon isotopes collectively, when the term radon was restricted to the isotope radon-222, the naturally occurring intermediate of the uranium-238 radioactive series; so called because original names for radon-219, radon-220, and radon-222 were, respectively, "actinium emanation," "thorium emanation," and "radium emanation." [L. emano, to flow out + -on]
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An obsolete treatment of various diseases by means of radium emanation (radon), or other emanation.
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Nicked; with broken margin.notched; [L. emargino, to deprive of its edge, fr. e- priv. + margo (margin-), edge]
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notch
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Castration of the male by removal of the testis and/or penis.eviration (1); [L. emasculo, pp. -atus, to castrate, fr. e- priv. + masculus, masculine]
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Abbreviation for eosin-methylene blue. See eosin-methylene blue agar.
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Old name for Retortamonas. [G. embadon, surface, + monas, unit, monad]
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To treat a dead body with balsams or other chemicals to preserve it from decay. [L. in, in, + balsamum, balsam]
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Gustav G., German biochemist, 1874-1933. See E. ester; Robison-E. ester; E.-Meyerhof pathway; E.-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.
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To surround a pathological or histological specimen with a firm and sometimes hard medium such as paraffin, wax, celloidin, or a resin, in order to make possible the cutting of thin sections for microscopic examination.imbed;
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2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone;the active principle from the dried fruit of Embelia ribes and E. robusta (family Myrsinaceae); has been used as a teniacide.
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preformation theory [Fr., encasement]
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embololalia
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1. Reduction of a limb dislocation.embolia; 2. Formation of the gastrula by invagination.emboly; [G. embole, insertion]
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Removal of an embolus. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + ektome, excision]
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The presence of emboli in the circulating blood. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + haima, blood]
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Plural of embolus.
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embole (1)
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Relating to an embolus or to embolism.
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Shaped like an embolus. [G. embolos, plug (embolus), + L. forma, form]
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Obstruction or occlusion of a vessel by an embolus. [G. embolisma, a piece or patch; lit. something thrust in]
air e. e. of air that can occur during cardiopulmonary bypass or with lung injury; either the pulmonary arteries or the systemic arteries can be filled with air.gas e;
amniotic fluid e. obstruction and constriction of pulmonary blood vessels by amniotic fluid entering the maternal circulation, causing obstetric shock. See also amniotic fluid syndrome.
atheroma e. cholesterol e
bland e. e. by simple nonseptic material.
bone marrow e. obstruction of a vessel by bone marrow, usually following fracture of a bone.
cellular e. e. due to a mass of cells transported from disintegrating tissue.
cholesterol e. e. of lipid debris from an ulcerated atheromatous deposit, generally from a large artery to small arterial branches; it is usually small and rarely causes infarction.atheroma e;
cotton-fiber e. e. by cotton fibers from sterile gauze used in intravenous medication or transfusion; may form as foreign body granulomas in small pulmonary arteries.
crossed e. 1. obstruction of a systemic artery by an embolus originating in the venous system which passes through a septal defect, patent foramen ovale, or other shunt to the arterial system; 2. obstruction by a minute embolism that passes through the pulmonary capillaries from the venous to the arterial system.paradoxical e;
direct e. e. occurring in the direction of the blood current.
fat e. the occurrence of fat globules in the circulation following fractures of a long bone, in burns, in parturition, and in association with fatty degeneration of the liver; the emboli most commonly block pulmonary or cerebral vessels when symptoms referable to either or both of these regions appear.oil e;
gas e. air e
hematogenous e. e. occurring in a blood vessel.
infective e. pyemic e
lymph e. , lymphogenous e. e. occurring in a lymphatic vessel.
miliary e. e. occurring simultaneously in a number of capillaries.multiple e. (1);
multiple e. 1. miliary e 2. e. caused by the arrest of a number of small emboli.
obturating e. complete closing of the lumen of a vessel by an embolism.
oil e. fat e
pantaloon e. saddle e
paradoxical e. crossed e
pulmonary e. e. of pulmonary arteries, most frequently by detached fragments of thrombus from a leg or pelvic vein, commonly when thrombosis has followed an operation or confinement to bed.
pyemic e. plugging of an artery by an embolus detached from a suppurating thrombus.infective e;
retinal e. e. of an artery of the retina.
retrograde e. e. of a vein by an embolus carried in a direction opposite to that of the normal blood current, after being diverted into a smaller vein.venous e;
riding e. straddling e
saddle e. a straddling e. at any vascular bifurcation, e.g., of the aorta which occludes both common iliac arteries.pantaloon e;
straddling e. e. occurring at the bifurcation of an artery and blocking more or less completely both branches.riding e;
tumor e. e. by neoplastic tissue transported from a tumor site and which may grow as a metastasis.
venous e. retrograde e
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Therapeutic introduction of various substances into the circulation to occlude vessels, either to arrest or prevent hemorrhaging or to devitalize a structure or organ by occluding its blood supply.
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Interjection of meaningless words into a sentence when speaking.embolalia, embolophasia, embolophrasia; [G. embolos, something thrown in, fr. emballo, to throw in, + lalia, speaking]
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Relating to or caused by an infective embolus. [G. embolos, a plug (embolus), + mykes, fungus]
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embololalia [G. embolos, something thrown in, + phasis, a saying]
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embololalia [G. embolos, something thrown in, + phrasis, phrase]
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Occlusion of arteries by insertion of blood clots, Gelfoam, coils, balloons, etc., with an angiographic catheter; used for control of inoperable hemorrhage or preoperative management of highly vascular neoplasms. [G. embolos, plug, + therapeia, medical treatment]
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1. A plug, composed of a detached thrombus or vegetation, mass of bacteria, or other foreign body, occluding a vessel. 2. emboliform nucleus [G. embolos, a plug, wedge or stopper]
catheter e. coiled worm-shaped platelet and fibrin aggregates produced during vascular catheterization, originating on the catheter or its guide wire; embolization of the catheter itself.
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embole (2)
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The opening of one blood vessel into another. [Fr.]
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In dentistry, an opening that widens outwardly or inwardly; specifically, that space adjacent to the interproximal contact area that spreads toward the facial, gingival, lingual, occlusal, or incisal aspect. [Fr. an opening in a wall for cannon]
buccal e. a space existing on the facial aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent posterior teeth.
gingival e. a space existing cervical to the interproximal contact area between adjacent teeth.
incisal e. a space existing on the incisal aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent anterior teeth.
labial e. a space existing on the facial aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent anterior teeth.
lingual e. a space existing on the lingual aspect of the interproximal contact area between adjacent teeth.
occlusal e. a space existing on the occlusal aspect of the interproximal contact areas between adjacent posterior teeth.
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Rarely used term for liniment or for the application of a liniment. [G. embroche, a fomentation]
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See embryo-.
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Rarely used term for fetology. [embryo- + G. iatros, physician]
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1. An organism in the early stages of development. 2. In humans, the developing organism from conception until approximately the end of the second month; developmental stages from this time to birth are commonly designated as fetal. 3. A primordial plant within a seed. [G. embryon, fr. en, in, + bryo, to be full, swell]
heterogametic e. a male e. with XY karyotype.
hexacanth e. the e. of tapeworms of the subclass Cestoda, such as Taenia saginata, characterized by three pairs of hooks used for penetration through the gut of an intermediate host.oncosphere e;
homogametic e. a female e. with XX karyotype.
oncosphere e. hexacanth e
presomite e. an e. prior to the appearance of the first pair of somites, about 20 to 21 days after fertilization in humans.
previllous e. the e. of a placental mammal prior to the formation of chorionic villi.
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The embryo. [G. embryon, a young one]
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The cells at the embryonic pole of the blastocyst concerned with formation of the body of the embryo per se.inner cell mass; [embryo- + G. blastos, germ]
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A condition in which the cadence of the heart sounds resembles that of the fetus, the first and second sounds becoming alike and evenly spaced; a sign of serious myocardial disease.pendulum rhythm, tic-tac rhythm, tic-tac sounds; [embryo- + G. kardia, heart]
jugular e. atrial flutter
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That phase of prenatal development involved in establishment of the characteristic configuration of the embryonic body; in humans, e. is usually regarded as extending from the end of the second week, when the embryonic disk is formed, to the end of the eighth week, after which the conceptus is usually spoken of as a fetus. [embryo- + G. genesis, origin]
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Producing an embryo; relating to the formation of an embryo.
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The origin and growth of the embryo.
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embryonoid
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One who specializes in embryology.
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Science of the origin and development of the organism from fertilization of the ovum to the end of the eighth week. Sometimes used to include all stages of the life cycle. [embryo- + G. logos, study]
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embryonal tumor
e. of the kidney Wilms' tumor
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1. Relating to the formation and structure of the embryo. 2. Applied to structures or tissues in the body similar to those in the embryo, or embryonal rests. [embryo- + G. morphe, shape]
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Relating to an embryo.embryonate (1);
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1. embryonal 2. Containing an embryo. 3. Impregnated.
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Of, pertaining to, or in the condition of an embryo.
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embryonoid
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Reversion of a cell or tissue to an embryonic form.
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Resembling an embryo or a fetus.embryoid, embryoniform; [embryo- + G. eidos, appearance]
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The forming of an embryo.
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A morbid condition in the embryo or fetus.fetopathy; [embryo- + G. pathos, disease]
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A membrane or wall around the hexacanth embryo of tapeworms, forming the inner portion of the eggshell. In the genus Taenia, the e. is exceptionally thick, with radial striations that form a highly protective structure; in the genus Diphyllobothrium, the e. is ciliated and enhances the aquatic life cycle of this and other pseudophyllid cestodes. See also coracidium. [embryo- + G. phoros, bearing]
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1. Producing an embryo. 2. Relating to the formation of an embryo. [embryo- + G. plasso, to form]
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An instrument for examining the embryos in hens' eggs at different stages of development. [embryo- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Any mutilating operation on the fetus to make possible its removal when delivery is impossible by natural means. [embryo- + G. tome, cutting]
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Injury to the embryo, which may result in death or in abnormal development of a part, owing to substances that enter the placental circulation.
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Congenital opacity of the periphery of the cornea, a feature of osteogenesis imperfecta. [embryo- + G. toxon, bow]
anterior e. arcus cornealis
posterior e. a developmental abnormality marked by a prominent white ring of Schwalbe and iris strands that partially obscure the chamber angle.
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1. Nutritive material supplied to the embryo during development. Cf. hemotroph, histotroph. 2. In the implantation stages of deciduate placental mammals, fluid adjacent to the blastodermic vesicle; a mixture of the secretion of the uterine glands, cellular debris resulting from the trophoblastic invasion of the endometrium, and exudated plasma. [embryo- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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Relating to any process or agency involved in the nourishment of the embryo.
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The nutrition of the embryo. [embryo- + G. trophe, nourishment]
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To extract any marrow. [L. e-, from, + medulla, marrow]
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exocytosis (2) [L. emitto, to send forth, + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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1. Recovery of normal function following a period of unconsciousness, especially that associated with a general anesthetic. 2. See property e.
property e. properties in a complex system that are not present in the component parts, e.g., symmetry.
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An unexpected development or happening; a sudden need for action. [L. e-mergo, pp. -mersus, to rise up, emerge, fr. mergo, to plunge into, dip]
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1. Arising suddenly and unexpectedly, calling for quick judgment and prompt action. 2. Coming out; leaving a cavity or other part.
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Alan E. H., Contemporary British physician. See E.-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
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An abrasive containing aluminum oxide and iron. [O.Fr. emeri, fr. L.L. smericulum, fr. G. smiris]
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1. vomiting 2. Combining form, used in the suffix position, for vomiting. [G. fr. emeo, to vomit]
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1. Relating to or causing vomiting. 2. An agent that causes vomiting. [G. emetikos, producing vomiting, fr. emeo, to vomit]
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C29H40N2O4; Cephaeline methyl ether;the principal alkaloid of ipecac, used as an emetic; its salts are used in amebiasis; available as the hydrochloride.
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1. Both emetic and cathartic. 2. An agent that causes vomiting and purging of the lower intestines.
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Having the capacity to induce emesis (vomiting), a common property of anticancer agents, narcotics, and amorphine.
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The property of being emetogenic.
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Abbreviation for electromotive force.
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Abbreviation for electromyogram.
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Blood. [G. haima]
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Rarely used term for urination.
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The passage of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of small blood vessels. [L. e-migro, pp. -atus, to emigrate]
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A circumscribed area raised above the general level of the surrounding surface, particularly on a bone surface.eminentia [NA]; [L. eminentia]
abducens e. facial colliculus
arcuate e. a prominence on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone indicating the position of the superior semicircular canal.eminentia arcuata [NA];
articular e. of temporal bone articular tubercle of temporal bone
canine e. an elevation on the maxilla corresponding to the socket of the canine tooth.canine prominence;
collateral e. a longitudinal elevation of the floor of the collateral trigone of the lateral ventricle of the brain, between the hippocampus and the calcar avis, caused by the proximity of the floor of the collateral fissure.eminentia collateralis [NA];
e. of concha the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the concha.eminentia conchae [NA], apophysis conchae;
cruciate e. cruciform e
cruciform e. bony cross-like elevation on the internal aspect of the squamous portion of the occipital bone formed by the intersection of the groove for the transverse sinuses and the internal occipital crest, with the internal occipital protuberance at the center of the "cross."eminentia cruciformis [NA], cruciate e;
deltoid e. deltoid tuberosity
Doyère's e. the slightly elevated area of the striated muscle fiber's surface that corresponds to the site of the motor endplate.
facial e. facial colliculus
forebrain e. frontonasal prominence
frontal e. the most prominent portion of the frontal bone on either side.tuber frontale [NA], eminentia frontalis [NA], frontal tuber;
genital e. in very young embryos, the vaguely outlined median elevation immediately cephalic to the proctodeum; its central part develops into the genital tubercle.
hypobranchial e. a median elevation in the floor of the embryonic pharynx caudal to the tuberculum impar; it merges laterally with the ventral part of the second and third branchial arches, and in later development is incorporated in the root of the tongue.copula linguae, His' copula;
hypoglossal e. hypoglossal trigone
hypothenar e. the fleshy mass at the medial side of the palm.eminentia hypothena´ris, antithenar, hypothenar prominence, hypothenar (1);
ileocecal e. ileocecal valve
iliopectineal e. iliopubic e
iliopubic e. a rounded elevation on the superior surface of the hip bone at the junction of the ilium and the superior ramus of the pubis.eminentia iliopubica [NA], iliopectineal e;
intercondylar e. , intercondyloid e. an elevation on the proximal extremity of the tibia between the two articular surfaces.eminentia intercondylaris [NA], eminentia intercondyloidea, spinous process of tibia;
maxillary e. maxillary tuberosity
medial e. longitudinal elevation of the rhomboid fossa, extending along either side of the midline throughout the length of the rhombencephalon; made up of named elevations such as the facial colliculus and the hypoglossal and vagal trigones.eminentia medialis [NA], eminentia teres, funiculus teres, round e;
median e. the slightly prominent lower segment of the infundibulum of the hypothalamus, immediately proximal to the hypophysial stalk; the region is characterized by the capillary tufts of the infundibular arteries, from which the hypothalamohypophysial portal system of veins arises.eminentia mediana;
olivary e. oliva
orbital e. of zygomatic bone orbital tubercle of zygomatic bone
parietal e. a prominent portion of the parietal bone, a little above the center of its external surface, usually corresponding to the point of maximum width of the head.tuber parietale [NA], eminentia parietalis, parietal tuber;
pyramidal e. eminentia pyramidalis
radial e. of wrist a rather large flat e. on the radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist, due to the tuberosity of scaphoid and the ridge on the trapezium.eminentia carpi radialis;
restiform e. a prominence of the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata corresponding to the larger lateral part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.eminentia restiformis;
round e. medial e
e. of scapha the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the scapha.eminentia scaphae [NA];
thenar e. the fleshy mass on the lateral side of the palm; the radial palm; the ball of the thumb.eminentia thena´ris, thenar prominence, thenar (1);
thyroid e. laryngeal prominence
e. of triangular fossa of auricle the prominence on the cranial surface of the auricle corresponding to the triangular fossa.eminentia fossae triangularis auricularis [NA], agger perpendicularis, eminentia triangularis;
ulnar e. of wrist an e. smaller than the radial, on the ulnar side of the palmar aspect of the wrist, due to presence of the pisiform bone.eminentia carpi ulnaris;
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eminence [L. prominence, fr. e-mineo, to stand out, project]
e. abducen´tis facial colliculus
e. arcua´ta [NA] arcuate eminence
e. articula´ris os´sis tempora´lis articular tubercle of temporal bone
e. car´pi radia´lis radial eminence of wrist
e. car´pi ulna´ris ulnar eminence of wrist
e. collatera´lis [NA] collateral eminence
e. con´chae [NA] eminence of concha
e. crucifor´mis [NA] cruciform eminence
e. facia´lis facial colliculus
e. fos´sae triangula´ris auricula´ris [NA] eminence of triangular fossa of auricle
e. fronta´lis [NA] * official alternate term for frontal eminence, frontal eminence
e. hypoglos´si hypoglossal trigone
e. hypothena´ris * official alternate term for hypothenar eminence
e. iliopu´bica [NA] iliopubic eminence
e. intercondyla´ris [NA] intercondylar eminence
e. intercondyloid´ea intercondylar eminence
e. maxil´lae [NA] * official alternate term for maxillary tuberosity, maxillary tuberosity
e. media´lis [NA] medial eminence
e. media´na median eminence
e. orbita´lis os´sis zygoma´tici [NA] orbital tubercle of zygomatic bone
e. parieta´lis parietal eminence
e. pyramida´lis [NA] a conical projection posterior to the vestibular window in the middle ear; it is hollow and contains the stapedius muscle.pyramid of tympanum, pyramidal eminence, pyramis tympani;
e. restifor´mis restiform eminence
e. sca´phae [NA] eminence of scapha
e. sym´physis mental tubercle
e. te´res medial eminence
e. thena´ris * official alternate term for thenar eminence
e. triangula´ris eminence of triangular fossa of auricle
va´gi e. vagal trigone
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exocytosis (2) [L. emitto, to send forth, + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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emissary vein [L. an outlet, fr. e-mitto, pp. -missus, to send out]
e. condyloid´eum condylar emissary vein
e. mastoid´eum mastoid emissary vein
e. occipita´le occipital emissary vein
e. parieta´le parietal emissary vein
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1. Relating to, or providing, an outlet or drain. 2. emissary vein [see emissarium]
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A discharge; referring usually to a seminal discharge occurring during sleep (nocturnal e. ). [L. emissio, fr. e- mitto, to send out]
characteristic e. characteristic radiation
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The giving off of heat rays; a perfect "black body" has an e. of 1, a highly polished metallic surface may have an e. as low as 0.02.
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Abbreviation for enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique.
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Relating to or acting as an emmenagogue.
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An agent that induces or increases menstrual flow.hemagogue (2); [G. emmenos, monthly, fr. en, in, + men, month, + agogos, leading]
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menses [G. emmenos, monthly]
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menstrual
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Any disorder of menstruation. [G. emmenos, monthly, + pathos, suffering]
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Obsolete term for the branch of medicine concerned with the physiology and pathology of menstruation. [G. emmenos, monthly, + logos, study]
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Thomas A., U.S. gynecologist, 1828-1919. See E.'s needle, operation.
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The state of refraction of the eye in which parallel rays, when the eye is at rest, are focused exactly on the retina. [G. emmetros, according to measure, + ops, eye]
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Pertaining to or characterized by emmetropia.
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The process by which the refraction of the anterior ocular segment and the axial length of the eye tend to balance each other to produce emmetropia.
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Ajellomyces capsulatum
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1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone;a crystalline substance (cathartic) found in rhubarb, senna, cascara sagrada, and other purgative drugs.archin, frangulic acid;
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1. Soothing to the skin or mucous membrane. 2. An agent that softens the skin or soothes irritation in the skin or mucous membrane.malactic; [L. emolliens, pres. p. of e- mollio, emollire, to soften]
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A strong feeling, aroused mental state, or intense state of drive or unrest directed toward a definite object and evidenced in both behavior and in psychologic changes, with accompanying autonomic nervous system manifestations. [L. e-moveo, pp. -motus, to move out, agitate]
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Relating to or marked by an emotion.
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Relating to the vascular changes, such as pallor and blushing, caused by emotions of various kinds.
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Abbreviation for L. ex modo praescripto, in the manner prescribed.
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A dusting powder. [G. empasma, fr. em-passo, to sprinkle on]
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Relating to or marked by empathy.
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To feel empathy in relation to another person; to put oneself in another's place.
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1. The ability to intellectually and emotionally sense the emotions, feelings, and reactions that another person is experiencing and to effectively communicate that understanding to the individual. Cf. sympathy (3) . 2. The anthropomorphization or humanizing of objects and the feeling of oneself as being in and part of them. [G. en (em), in, + pathos, feeling]
generative e. the inner experience of sharing in and comprehending the momentary psychologic state of another person.
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Active penetration of one cell by another, which remains intact; observed in tissue cultures in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes have entered macrophages and subsequently left. [G. en (em), inside, + peri, around, + poleomai, to wander about]
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Obsolete term for a vesicular eruption, such as pemphigus. [G. en, in, + phlysis, an eruption, fr. phlyo, to boil over]
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Relating to emphraxis.
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1. A clogging or obstruction of the mouth of the sweat gland. 2. An impaction. [G. a stoppage]
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1. Presence of air in the interstices of the connective tissue of a part. 2. A condition of the lung characterized by increase beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole (those parts containing alveoli), with destructive changes in their walls and reduction in their number. Clinical manifestation is undue breathlessness on exertion, due to the combined effect (in varying degrees) of reduction of alveolar surface for gas exchange, ventilation-perfusion imbalance, and collapse of smaller airways with trapping of alveolar gas occurring predominantly in expiration; this causes the chest to be held in the position of inspiration ("barrel chest"), with prolonged expiration and increased residual volume; symptoms of chronic bronchitis often, but not necessarily, coexist. Two structural varieties are described: panlobular e. and centrilobular e.pulmonary e; [G. inflation of stomach, etc. fr. en, in, + physema, a blowing, fr. physa, bellows]
alveolar duct e. e. in which the primary involvement is in the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles, as opposed to panacinar e.
bullous e. e. in which the enlarged airspaces are one to several cm in diameter, often visible on chest radiographs. Thin-walled air sacs under tension compress pulmonary tissue, either single or multiple. Sometimes amenable to surgical resection with improvement in pulmonary function.
centri-acinar e. centrilobular e
centrilobular e. e. affecting the lobules around their central bronchioles, causally related to bronchiolitis, and seen in coal-miner's pneumoconiosis.centri-acinar e;
compensating e. , compensatory e. increase in the air capacity of a portion of the lung when another portion is consolidated, shrunken, or unable to perform its respiratory function; the alveoli are distended, but there is no destruction of alveolar walls, and hence, no true e., as this term is now defined.
congenital lobar e. common cause of neonatal respiratory distress which usually involves the left upper lobe.
cutaneous e. subcutaneous e
diffuse e. panlobular e
diffuse obstructive e. the major component of chronic obstructive lung disease.
ectatic e. obstructive airway disease with areas of dilatation of alveoli acini. Seen primarily in association with inherited deficiency of alpha-1 protease inhibitor. See panlobular e.
familial e. e. inherited in association with severe a-1 antitrypsin deficiency. It may occur as an isolated feature [MIM*130700, 130710] or with cutis laxa and hemolytic anemia [MIM*225360].
gangrenous e. gas gangrene
generalized e. panlobular e
increased markings e. a term applied to mixed obstructive lung disease in which radiographic findings of emphysema coexist with nonvascular shadows, probably related to bronchial inflammation.
interlobular e. interstitial e. in the connective tissue septa between the pulmonary lobules.
interstitial e. 1. presence of air in the pulmonary tissues consequent upon rupture of the air cells; 2. presence of air or gas in the connective tissue.
intestinal e. pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
irregular e. e. that shows no consistent relationship to any portion of the acinus; always associated with fibrosis.
mediastinal e. deflection of air, usually from a ruptured emphysematous bleb in the lung, into the mediastinal tissue.
panacinar e. panlobular e
panlobular e. e. affecting all parts of the lobules, in part, or usually the whole, of the lungs, and usually associated with a1-antiprotease deficiency e.diffuse e., generalized e., panacinar e;
paraseptal e. e. involving the periphery of the pulmonary lobules.
pulmonary e. emphysema (2)
senile e. e. consequent upon the physiologic atrophy of old age.
subcutaneous e. the presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues.aerodermectasia, cutaneous e., pneumoderma, pneumohypoderma;
subgaleal e. collection of air or gas between the inner layer of the scalp and the cranium.
surgical e. subcutaneous e. from air trapped in the tissues by an operation or injury.
unilateral lobar e. a state in which the roentgenographic density of one lung (or one lobe) is markedly less than the density of the other(s) because of the presence of air trapped during expiration.Macleod's syndrome, Swyer-James syndrome (1);
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Relating to or affected with emphysema.
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1. empirical 2. A member of a school of Graeco-Roman physicians, late B.C. to early A.D., who placed their confidence in and based their practice purely on experience, avoiding all speculation, theory, or abstract reasoning; they were little concerned with causes or with correlating symptoms in order to gain a true understanding of a disease, even holding basic knowledge, physiology, pathology, and anatomy in low esteem and of no value in practice. 3. Modern: testing a hypothesis by careful observation, hence rationally based on experience. [see empirical]
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1. Founded on practical experience, rather than on reasoning alone, but not proved scientifically, in contrast to rational (1) . 2. Relating to an empiric (2). 3. Based on careful observational testing of a hypothesis; rational.empiric (1); [G. empeirikos; fr. empeiria, experience, fr. en, in, + peira, a trial]
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A looking to experience as a guide to practice or to the therapeutic use of any remedy.
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A tetanic contraction of the flexor muscles, curving the back with concavity forward.tetanus anticus; [G. emprosthen, forward, + tonos, tension]
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Resection of the empyema and its capsule.
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Pus in a body cavity; when used without qualification, refers specifically to pyothorax. [G. empyema, suppuration, fr. en, in, + pyon, pus]
e. artic´uli obsolete term for suppurative arthritis.
e. benig´num latent e
e. of gallbladder severe acute cholecystitis with purulent inflammation of the gallbladder.
latent e. the presence of pus in a cavity, especially one of the accessory sinuses, unattended by subjective symptoms.e. benignum;
loculated e. pyothorax in which pleural adhesions form one or more pockets containing pus.
mastoid e. mastoiditis
e. necessita´tis a form of pyothorax in which the pus burrows to the outside, producing a subcutaneous abscess which finally ruptures; it may result in spontaneous recovery without requiring an operation.
e. of the pericardium pyopericardium
pneumococcal e. infection of the pleural cavity by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus, with pus formation.
pulsating e. a large, tense collection of pus in the pleural cavity through which the cardiac pulsations are transmitted to the chest wall.
streptococcal e. purulent exudation into the pleural cavity caused by infection with Streptococcus hemolyticus.
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Relating to empyema.
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A pustular eruption. [G. suppuration]
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A suppurating hydrocele;a collection of pus in the scrotum. [G. en, in, + pyon, pus, + kele, tumor]
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Characteristic odor given off by organic substances when charred or subjected to destructive distillation in closed vessels. [G. a banked fire]
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Abbreviation for electromagnetic unit.
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Denoting a straining, extracting, or purifying process. [L. e- mulgeo, pp. -mulsus, to milk out, drain out]
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An agent, such as gum arabic or the yolk of an egg, used to make an emulsion of a fixed oil. Soaps, detergents, steroids, and proteins can act as emulsifiers; they stabilize 2-phase systems af oil and aqueous phases.
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To make in the form of an emulsion.
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1. A preparation, derived from almonds, that contains beta-glucosidase. 2. Sometimes used as a synonym for beta-glucosidase.
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A system containing two immiscible liquids in which one is dispersed, in the form of very small globules (internal phase), throughout the other (external phase) (e.g., oil in water (milk) or water in oil (mayonnaise)). [Mod. L. fr. e-mulgeo, pp. -mulsus, to milk or drain out]
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1. Denoting a substance that can be made into an emulsion. 2. Denoting a substance, such as a mucilage, by which a fat or resin can be emulsified. 3. Making soft or pliant. 4. Yielding a fixed oil on pressure.
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A colloidal dispersion in which the dispersed particles are more or less liquid and exert a certain attraction on and absorb a certain quantity of the fluid in which they are suspended.emulsion colloid, hydrophil colloid, hydrophilic colloid, lyophilic colloid;
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A condition in which urinary excretion and intake of water act to produce an absolute hydration of the body. See also ecuresis. [G. en (em), in, + ouresis, urination]
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1-Ethyl-1-methylpropyl carbamate;a mild sedative, used to control tension and anxiety and to relieve pain and muscular spasm.
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In; appears as em- before b, p, or m. [G.]
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The active metabolite of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.
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l-Proline, 1-[N-[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]-l-alanyl]-,(S)-, (Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1);a prodrug for enalaprilat, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used as an anti-hypertensive agent.
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The hard glistening substance covering the exposed portion of the tooth. In its mature form, it is composed of an inorganic portion made up of 90% hydroxyapatite and 6-8% calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, and magnesium carbonate, the remainder comprising an organic matrix of protein and glycoprotein; structurally, it is made up of oriented rods each of which consists of a stack of rodlets encased in an organic prism sheath.enamelum [NA], substantia adamantina, substantia vitrea; [M.E., fr. Fr. enamailer, to apply enamel, fr. en, on, + amail, enamel, fr. Germanic]
dwarfed e. nanoid e
mottled e. alterations in e. structure due to excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth formation; varies in appearance from small white opacities to yellow and black spotting.
nanoid e. a condition of abnormal thinness of the e.dwarfed e;
whorled e. e. in which the rods assume a spiral or twisting course.
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ameloblast
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amelogenesis
e. imperfec´ta amelogenesis imperfecta
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A developmental anomaly in which there is a small nodule of enamel below the cementoenamel junction, usually at the bifurcation of molar teeth.enamel drop, enamel nodule, enamel pearl;
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enamel
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heptanal
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USAN-approved contraction for heptanoate, CH3(CH2)5COO-.
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A mucous membrane eruption, especially one occurring in connection with one of the exanthemas. [G. en, in, + anthema, bloom, eruption, fr. antheo, to bloom]
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Relating to an enanthem.
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The skin eruption of a general disease, such as scarlatina or typhoid fever. [G. en, in, + anthesis, full bloom]
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Combining form meaning opposite, opposed, or opposing. [G. enantios, opposite]
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One of a pair of molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other; neither molecule has an internal plane of symmetry.antimer, optical antipode; [enantio- + G. meros, part]
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Pertaining to enantiomerism.
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In chemistry, isomerism in which the molecules in their configuration are related to one another like an object and its mirror image (enantiomers), and consequently are not superimposable; e. entails optical activity, both enantiomers rotating the plane of polarized light equally, but in opposite directions.
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An enantiomer in crystal form.
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1. Relating to two objects, each of which is the mirror image of the other. 2. In chemistry, relating to isomers, the optical activities of which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.enantiomorphous; [enantio- + G. morphe, form]
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The relation of two objects similar in form but not superimposable, as the two hands or an object and its mirror image. [enantio- + G. morphe, form]
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enantiomorphic
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Relating to an enarthrosis.
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ball-and-socket joint [G. en-arthrosis, a jointing where the ball is deep set in the socket]
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In a lump; as a whole; used to refer to autopsy techniques in which visceral organs are removed in large blocks allowing the prosector to retain a continuity in organ architecture during the subsequent dissection. [Fr., in a lump]
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Benzamide, 4-methoxy-N-[2-[2-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)ethyl]phenyl]-, monohydrochloride, (±)-;an anti-arrhythmic.
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Enclosed in a capsule or sheath.encapsuled;
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Enclosure in a capsule or sheath. [L. in + capsula, dim. of capsa, box]
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encapsulated
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endocarditis
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Obsolete term for the artificial implantation of an organ or tissue in a part where it does not naturally occur. [G. enkatarrhapto, to sew in]
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Inflammation of any of the abdominal viscera. [G. en, in, + koilia, belly, + -itis, inflammation]
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See encephalo-.
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headache [encephalo- + G. algos, pain]
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Relating to encephalatrophy.
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Atrophy of the brain. [encephalo- + G. a- priv. + trophe, nourishment]
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Hypertrophy of the brain. [encephalo- + G. auxe, increase]
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An animal with its caudal medulla transected and its respiration maintained artificially; it remains alert, has sleep-wake cycles, normal pupillary reactions, and a normal electroencephalogram. Cf. cerveau isolé. [Fr. isolated brain]
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brain congestion [encephalo- + G. haima, blood]
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Relating to the brain, or to the structures within the cranium.
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Relating to encephalitis.
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Inflammation of the brain.cephalitis; [G. enkephalos, brain, + -itis, inflammation]
acute hemorrhagic e. e. of apoplectoid character due to blood extravasation.e. hemorrhagica;
acute inclusion body e. herpes simplex e
acute necrotizing e. an acute form of e., characterized by destruction of brain parenchyme.
Australian X e. Murray Valley e
bacterial e. e. of bacterial etiology.e. pyogenica, purulent e., suppurative e;
bunyavirus e. e. of abrupt onset, with severe frontal headache and low-grade to moderate fever, caused by members of the genus Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae family); infections also occur in rodents, lagomorphs, and domestic animals.California e;
California e. bunyavirus e
Coxsackie e. a viral e., seen mainly in infants and involving principally the gray matter of the medulla and cord, caused by Enterovirus Coxsackie B.
Dawson's e. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
epidemic e. a viral e. occurring epidemically, such as in Japanese B e., St. Louis e., and lethargic e.
equine e. equine encephalomyelitis
experimental allergic e. (EAE) experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Far East Russian e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
fox e. e. in foxes, caused by the infectious canine hepatitis virus, a member of the family Adenoviridae family, and characterized by paralysis and death.
e. hemorrhag´ica acute hemorrhagic e
herpes e. herpes simplex e
herpes simplex e. the most common acute encephalitis, caused by HSV-1; affects persons of any age; preferentially involves the inferomedial portions of the temporal lobe and the orbital portions of the frontal lobes; pathologically, severe hemorrhagic necrosis is present along with, in the acute stages, intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the neurons and glial cells.acute inclusion body e., herpes e;
hyperergic e. e. as a result of an immunologic allergic reaction of the nervous system to antigenic stimuli.
Ilhéus e. an e. caused by the Ilhéus virus (genus Flavivirus) and endemic to eastern Brazil and other parts of South and Central America; transmitted by mosquitoes.
inclusion body e. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Japanese B e. an epidemic e. or encephalomyelitis of Japan, Siberian Russia, and other parts of Asia; due to the Japanese B e. virus (genus Flavivirus) and transmitted by mosquitoes; can occur as a symptomless, subclinical infection but may cause an acute meningoencephalomyelitis.e. japonica, Russian autumn e;
e. japon´ica Japanese B e
lead e. lead encephalopathy
e. lethar´gica von Economo's disease
Mengo e. an e. occurring in Africa, due to the Mengo strain of encephalomyocarditis virus, a member of the Picornaviridae.
Murray Valley e. a severe e. with a high mortality rate occurring in the Murray Valley of Australia; the disease is most severe in children and is characterized by headache, fever, malaise, drowsiness or convulsions, and rigidity of the neck; extensive brain damage may result; it is caused by the Murray Valley encephalitis virus (genus Flavivirus).Australian X disease, Australian X e;
necrotizing e. any e. in which extensive brain necrosis occurs, e.g., acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis.
e. neonato´rum e. of the newborn, described by R. Virchow as marked by the presence of fat-laden cells in the brain.
opossum e. e. of opossum caused by Chlamydia psittaci.
e. periaxia´lis concen´trica e. that is clinically similar to adrenoleukodystrophy, but pathologically characterized by concentric globes or circles of demyelination of cerebral white matter separated by normal tissue.Baló's disease;
encephalitis periaxialis diffusa Schilder's disease
postvaccinal e. postvaccinal encephalomyelitis
Powassan e. an acute disease of children varying clinically from undifferentiated febrile illness to e.; caused by the Powassan virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family, and transmitted by ixodid ticks; most frequently seen in Canada.
purulent e. bacterial e
e. pyogen´ica bacterial e
Russian autumn e. Japanese B e
Russian spring-summer e. (Eastern subtype) a tick-borne e. virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae.
Russian spring-summer e. (Western subtype) tick-borne e. (Central European subtype)
Russian tick-borne e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype)
secondary e. collective term for post-infectious, post-exanthem, and post-vaccinal encephalitides.
subacute inclusion body e. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
e. subcortical´is chron´ica Binswanger's disease
suppurative e. bacterial e
tick-borne e. (Central European subtype) tick-borne meningoencephalitis caused by a flavivirus closely related to the virus causing the Far Eastern type; it is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus, also by infected raw milk, especially that of goats.biundulant meningoencephalitis, Central European tick-borne fever, diphasic milk fever, Russian spring-summer e. (Western subtype);
tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype) a severe form of e. caused by a flavivirus, a virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, and transmitted by ticks (Ixodes pertulcatus and I. ricinus).Russian tick-borne e;
van Bogaert e. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
varicella e. e. occurring as a complication of chickenpox.
vernal e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
woodcutter's e. tick-borne e. (Eastern subtype).
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An agent which evokes encephalitis, particularly with reference to the antigen which produces experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. [encephalitis + G. -gen, producing]
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Producing encephalitis; typically by hypersensitivity mechanisms. See encephalitogen.
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A genus of protozoan parasites, formerly considered part of the family Toxoplasmatidae, class Sporozoea, but now recognized as a member of the protozoan phylum Microspora, family Nosematidae. E. cuniculi is considered the primary microsporan parasite of mammals, commonly found in the brain and kidney tubules of rodents and carnivores and causing nosematosis in rabbits. [encephalitis + G. zoon, animal]
E. cuniculi a common cryptic infection of most mammals and some birds, transmitted in urine-contaminated food and by transplacental transmission. Disseminated human infection has been reported among immunosuppressed individuals. Latent infection seen by serodiagnosis suggests widespread nonsymptomatic infection in tropical regions.
E. hellum a species of E. described from human ophthalmic infections causing punctate keratopathy and corneal ulceration in AIDS patients.
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corticalization
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The brain. Cf. cerebro-. [G. enkephalos, brain]
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A congenital gap in the skull with herniation of brain substance.craniocele, cranium bifidum, bifid cranium; [encephalo- + G. kele, hernia]
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hydrencephalocele
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duraencephalosynangiosis
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headache [encephalo- + G. odyne, pain]
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Any congenital abnormality of the brain. [encephalo- + G. dys, bad, + plastos, formed]
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The record obtained by encephalography. [encephalo- + G. gramma, a drawing]
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Radiographic representation of the brain. See pneumoencephalography. [encephalo- + G. grapho, to write]
gamma e. imaging of the encephalon by the administration of small amounts of gamma-emitting radionuclides; commonly called a brain scan; superseded by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Resembling brain substance; denoting a carcinoma of soft, brainlike consistency, with reference to gross features. [encephalo- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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A concretion in the brain or one of its ventricles.cerebral calculus; [encephalo- + G. lithos, stone]
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The branch of medicine dealing with the brain in all its relations. [encephalo- + G. logos, study]
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Herniation of brain substance.cerebroma;
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Abnormal softness of the cerebral parenchyma often due to ischemia or infarction.cerebromalacia; [encephalo- + G. malakia, softness]
nutritional e. of chicks a disease of young chicks caused by vitamin E deficiency.crazy chick disease;
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meningoencephalitis [encephalo- + G. meninx, membrane, + -itis, inflammation]
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meningoencephalocele [encephalo- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, hernia]
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meningoencephalopathy
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A neuromere. [encephalo- + G. meros, a part]
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An apparatus for indicating on the skull the location of the cortical centers. [encephalo- + G. metron, measure]
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Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. [encephalo- + G. myelon, marrow, + -itis, inflammation]
acute disseminated e. an acute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, in which focal demyelination is present throughout the brain and spinal cord. This process is common to postinfectious, postexanthem, and postvaccinal encephalomyelitis.
acute necrotizing hemorrhagic e. a fulminating demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system that affects mainly children and young adults. Almost always preceded by a respiratory infection, characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, headache, confusion, and nuchal rigidity, soon followed by focal seizures, hemiplegia, or quadriplegia, brainstem findings, and coma; the CSF shows evidence of an inflammatory process; due to the massive destruction of the white matter of one or both hemispheres, often accompanied by similar destruction of the white matter of the brainstem and cerebellar peduncles; of unknown etiology.acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis;
e. associated with carcinoma paraneoplastic encephalomyelopathy
avian infectious e. a disease of very young chicks caused by a picornavirus and characterized by tremor, ataxia, somnolence, and finally death.epidemic tremor;
benign myalgic e. epidemic neuromyasthenia
bovine sporadic e. an acute, septic e., pleuritis, and peritonitis of cattle caused by Chlamydia psittaci; it occurs in the north central United States.Buss disease;
caprine arthritis-e. (CAE) a worldwide disease of goats caused by the caprine e. virus; two syndromes are recognized, encephalomyelitis in kids and more commonly arthritis in adults.
eastern equine e. (EEE) a form of mosquito-borne equine e. seen in the eastern U.S. and caused by the eastern equine e. virus, a species of Alphavirus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae; initial fever and viremia are followed by signs of central nervous system involvement (excitement, then somnolence, paralysis, and death); the incidence of clinical infection in man is low but case fatality may be high.
enzootic e. Borna disease
epidemic myalgic e. epidemic neuromyasthenia
equine e. an acute, often fatal, virus disease of horses and mules transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by central nervous system disturbances; in the U.S., this disease is typically caused by one of two arthropod-borne viruses, and their resulting diseases are designated western equine or eastern equine e.; these viruses belong to the family Togaviridae and can also cause neurologic disease in humans.equine encephalitis;
experimental allergic e. a demyelinating allergic e. produced by the injection of brain tissue, usually with an adjuvant.experimental allergic encephalitis;
granulomatous e. an e. in which granulomas occur.
herpes B e. a frequently lethal disease of humans caused by infection with a normally latent monkey herpesvirus.
infectious porcine e. Teschen disease
mouse e. e. due to the mouse encephalomyelitis virus (a species of Enterovirus) which is not pathogenic in monkeys or in man, but attacks mouse colonies and causes a flaccid paralysis, usually of the hind limbs.mouse poliomyelitis, Theiler's disease (1);
postvaccinal e. a severe type of encephalomyelitis that can follow the rabies vaccination.postvaccinal encephalitis;
sporadic bovine e. a disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci and characterized by fever, depression, excessive salivation, diarrhea, anorexia, and incoordination.
Venezuelan equine e. (VEE) a form of mosquito-borne equine e. found in parts of South America, Panama, and Trinidad, caused by the Venezuelan equine e. virus (a species of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae), and characterized by less central nervous system involvement than occurs in either eastern or western equine e.; fever, diarrhea, and depression are common; in man, there is fever and severe headache after an incubation period of 2 to 5 days, and in a few cases there has been central nervous system involvement.
viral e. , virus e. an e. due to a neurotropic virus.
western equine e. (WEE) an equine e. found in the western U.S. and parts of South America, transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by the western equine e. virus (a species of Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae); the infection is similar to but milder than eastern equine e. in man and is, as a rule, inapparent, but some cases with central nervous system involvement have been fatal.
zoster e. inflammation of the brain and spinal cord caused by varicella-zoster virus, a member of the family Herpesviridae.
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Congenital defect usually in the occipital region (foramen magnum) and cervical vertebrae, with herniation of the meninges, medulla, and spinal cord. [G. enkephalos, brain, + myelon, marrow, + kele, hernia]
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A disease involving the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
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Any disease of both brain and spinal cord. [G. enkephalos, brain, + myelon, marrow, + pathos, suffering]
carcinomatous e. paraneoplastic e
epidemic myalgic e. a disease superficially resembling poliomyelitis, characterized by diffuse involvement of the nervous system associated with myalgia.
necrotizing e. [MIM*256000] Leigh's disease
paracarcinomatous e. paraneoplastic e
paraneoplastic e. an encephalomyelopathy as a remote effect of carcinoma, most often oat cell carcinoma of the lung; characterized by extensive nerve cell loss, which may be diffuse, but often predominates in particular portions of the central nervous system, particularly the limbic lobes, medulla, cerebellum, and gray matter of the spinal cord.carcinomatous e., encephalomyelitis associated with carcinoma, paracarcinomatous e;
subacute necrotizing e. (SNE) a rare fatal disorder, primarily of children, being both acute and chronic in onset, manifested primarily as brainstem dysfunction, with ataxia, cranial nerve palsies, pseudobulbar palsy, hemi- or quadriplegia, mental deterioration, and involuntary movements; deficiencies of pyruvate dehydrogenase or cytochrome C oxydase have been found in some patients; pathologically, there is widespread symmetric necrosis involving much of the brainstem; these changes are similar to those seen with Wernicke encephalopathy.
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encephalomyeloradiculopathy
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A disease process involving the brain, spinal cord, and spinal roots.encephalomyeloradiculitis;
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Associated encephalitis and myocarditis; often caused by a viral infection such as in polio myelitis.
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That portion of the cerebrospinal axis contained within the cranium, comprised of the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. [G. enkephalos, brain, fr. en, in, + kephale, head]
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Stupor brought on by a brain disease.
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encephalopathy
e. addiso´nia reversible disturbance in mentation, occurring in the course of Addison's disease, probably related to electrolyte imbalance.
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Any disorder of the brain.cephalopathy, cerebropathia, cerebropathy, encephalopathia, encephalosis; [encephalo- + G. pathos, suffering]
bilirubin e. kernicterus
Binswanger's e. Binswanger's disease
bovine spongiform e. (BSE) a new disease of cattle, first reported in 1986 in Great Britain, characterized clinically by apprehensive behavior, hyperesthesia, and ataxia and histopathologically by spongiform changes in the gray-matter neuropil of the brain stem; it is thought to be caused by an agent, possibly a prion, similar to that observed as the cause of scrapie.mad cow disease;
demyelinating e. extensive idiopathic loss of myelin sheaths in the brain, as occurs in leukodystrophy.
hepatic e. portal-systemic e
HIV encephalopathy AIDS dementia complex
hypernatremic e. subarachnoid and subdural effusions in infants with hypernatremic dehydration.
hypertensive e. a metabolic e. caused by diffuse cerebral edema; follows an abrupt elevation of blood pressure in a long-term hypertensive patient.
hypoxic-hypercarbic e. hypoventilation coma
lead e. a metabolic e., caused by the ingestion of lead compounds and seen particularly in early childhood; it is characterized pathologically by extensive cerebral edema, status spongiosus, neurocytolysis, and some reactive inflammation; clinical manifestations include convulsions, delirium, and hallucinations. See also lead poisoning.lead encephalitis, saturnine e;
metabolic e. e. characterized by memory loss, vertigo, and generalized weakness, due to metabolic brain disease including hypoxia, ischemia, hypoglycemia, or secondary to other organ failure such as liver or kidney.
necrotizing e. Leigh's disease
palindromic e. a relatively mild form which tends to recur.
pancreatic e. a metabolic e. associated with extensive pancreatic necrosis.
portal-systemic e. an e. associated with cirrhosis of the liver, attributed to the passage of toxic nitrogenous substances from the portal to the systemic circulation; cerebral manifestations may include coma.hepatic e;
progressive subcortical e. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
pulmonary e. hypoventilation coma
recurrent e. [MIM*130950] a progressive form of e. occurring in young members of the same family; characterized by headache, vertigo, truncal ataxia, drowsiness and stupor, speech impairments, choreic-athetoid movements, and sometimes convulsions.
saturnine e. lead e
severe postanoxic e. delayed coma after hypoxia
spongiform e. an e. characterized by vacuolation within nerve and glial cells.
subacute spongiform e. a form of spongiform e. that is associated with a "slow virus", which to date has not been adequately described, is transmissible, and has a rapidly progressive, fatal course; e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome, scrapie. See prion.
subcortical arteriosclerotic e. Binswanger's disease
thyrotoxic e. a metabolic e. arising in severe cases of thyrotoxicosis.
transmissible mink e. a transmissible disease in mink caused by an agent similar to that observed as a cause of scrapie in sheep.
traumatic e. an e. resulting from structural brain injury.
traumatic progressive e. chronic progressive brain damage resulting from multiple brain injuries, e.g., dementia pugilistica.
Wernicke-Korsakoff e. See Wernicke's syndrome, Korsakoff's syndrome.
Wernicke's e. Wernicke's syndrome
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The association of special colors with words or other sensory data. [encephalo- + G. opsis, sight]
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Archaic term for purulent inflammation of the brain. [encephalo- + G. pyosis, suppuration]
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cerebrospinal [encephalo- + G. rhachis, spine]
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Archaic term for cerebral hemorrhage. [encephalo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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Developmental failure of closure of the rostral part of the neural tube. [encephalo- + G. schisis, fissure]
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A sclerosis, or hardening, of the brain. See also cerebrosclerosis. [encephalo- + G. sklerosis, hardening]
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Any instrument used to view the interior of a brain abscess or other cerebral cavity through an opening in the skull. [encephalo- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Examination of the brain or the cavity of a cerebral abscess by direct inspection.
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encephalopathy
equine e. a disease of horses, caused by the equine e. virus and characterized by peracute death preceded by alternating periods of hyperexcitement and depression; only reported from South Africa.
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cerebrospinal
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Compression of the brain. [encephalo- + G. thlipsis, pressure]
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An instrument for use in performing encephalotomy.
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Dissection or incision of the brain. [encephalo- + G. tome, incision]
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intracartilaginous
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A benign cartilaginous growth starting within the medullary cavity of a bone originally formed from cartilage; e.'s may distend the cortex, especially of small bones, and may be solitary or multiple (endochondromatosis). [Mod. L. fr. G. en, in, + chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumor]
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A rarely familial, and probably hamartomatous proliferation of cartilage in the metaphyses of several bones, most commonly of the hands and feet, causing distorted growth in length or pathological fractures; chondrosarcoma frequently develops. When combined with hemangiomas in the cutaneous or visceral regions, called Maffucci's syndrome. The pattern of inheritance is like that of an irregular autosomal dominant.asymmetrical chondrodystrophy, dyschondroplasia, hereditary deforming chondrodystrophy (2), Ollier's disease;
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Relating to or having the elements of enchondroma.
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Obsolete term for a malignant neoplasm of cartilage cells derived from an enchondroma, as may occur in enchondromatosis.
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An enclosure; a detached mass of tissue enclosed in tissue of another kind; seen especially in the case of isolated masses of gland tissue detached from the main gland. [Fr. fr. L. clavis, key]
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The first stage in the memory process, followed by storage and retrieval, involving processes associated with receiving or briefly registering stimuli through one or more of the senses and modifying that information; a decay process or loss of this information (a type of forgetting) occurs rapidly unless the next two stages, storage and retrieval, are activated.
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The repeated, generally involuntary passage of feces into inappropriate places (e.g., clothing); considered a mental disorder if it occurs in a child more than 4 years old. [G. enkopros, full of manure]
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endocranial
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In conjoined twins, a form of fetal inclusion in which the smaller parasite lies partly or wholly within the cranial cavity of the larger autosite. [G. en, in, + kranion, skull]
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Acronym for equivalent normal child unit, an amount of information from any source (linkage analysis, parental, and collateral phenotypes, biochemistry of the carrier state, etc.) that will have the same impact on the probability as one usual progeny does that a consultand is a carrier for an autosomal dominant trait; e.g., each normal child contributes one encu. Cf. ensu.
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Encapsulated by a membranous bag. [G. kystis, bladder]
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The condition of being or becoming encysted.
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An extremity, or the most remote point of an extremity.
acromial e. of clavicle acromial extremity of clavicle
distal e. the posterior extremity of a dental appliance.heel (2);
sternal e. of clavicle sternal extremity of clavicle
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See endo-.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the parasitic member is included in the body of the host. [end- + G. adelphos, brother]
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A genus of amebae parasitic in invertebrates; originally described from cockroaches. [endo- + G. amoibe, change]
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Inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel.endoangiitis, endovasculitis; [endo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
e. oblit´erans inflammation of the intima of a vessel with resulting occlusion of its lumen.
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Inflammation of the intima of the aorta.endo-aortitis;
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Excision of diseased endothelial and media or most of the media of an artery, and also of occluding atheromatous deposits, so as to leave a smooth lining, mostly consisting of adventitia. [endo- + artery + G. ektome, excision]
carotid e. excision of occluding material, including intima and most of the media, from the carotid a.
coronary e. excision of occluding material, including intima and most of the media, from the coronary artery.
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Inflammation of the intima of an artery.endoarteritis;
bacterial e. implantation and growth of bacteria with formation of vegetations on the arterial wall, such as may occur in a patent ductus arteriosus or arteriovenous fistula.
e. defor´mans e. with atheromatous patches and calcareous deposits.
e. oblit´erans , obliterating e. an extreme degree of e. proliferans closing the lumen of the artery.arteritis obliterans, obliterating arteritis;
e. prolif´erans , proliferating e. chronic e. accompanied by a marked increase of fibrous tissue in the intima.
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Within the ear. [endo- + L. auris, ear]
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telencephalon
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telodendron
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See end bulb.
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1. Occurring at the end of diastole, immediately before the next systole, as in end-diastolic pressure. 2. Interrupting the final moments of diastole, barely premature, as in end-diastolic extrasystole.
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Rarely used term for an endemic disease.
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1. Present in a community or among a group of people; said of a disease prevailing continually in a region. Cf. epidemic, sporadic. 2. enzootic [G. endemos, native, fr. en, in, + demos, the people]
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Denoting a temporary large increase in the number of cases of an endemic disease.
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Referring to a chemical reaction that takes place with absorption of energy from its surroundings (i.e., a positive change in Gibbs free energy). Cf. exergonic. [endo- + G. ergon, work]
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In or through the skin; denoting a method of treatment, as by inunction; the remedy produces its constitutional effect when absorbed through the skin surface to which it is applied. [G. en, in, + derma (dermat-), skin]
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Treatment with endermic medication.
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Any eruptive disease of the mucous membrane.
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axon terminals, under terminal
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hindgut
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1. A termination or conclusion. 2. A nerve e.
annulospiral e. one of two types of sensory nerve e. associated with a neuromuscular spindle (the other being the flower-spray e.); after entering the muscle spindle, the fiber divides into two flat ribbon-like branches that wind themselves in rings or spirals about the intrafusal muscle fibers.annulospiral organ;
calyciform e. , caliciform e. a synaptic e. in relation to certain neuroepithelial hair cells of the inner ear.
epilemmal e. a nerve e. in close relation to the outer surface of the sarcolemma.
flower-spray e. one of the two types of sensory nerve e. associated with the neuromuscular spindle (the other being the annulospiral e.); in this type, the fiber branches spread out upon the surface of the intrafusal fibers like a spray of flowers.flower-spray organ of Ruffini;
free nerve e.'s a form of peripheral ending of sensory nerve fibers in which the terminal filaments end freely in the tissue.terminationes nervorum liberae [NA];
grape e.'s an autodescriptive term applied to synaptic terminals at the ends of short, stalklike axon branches.
hederiform e. a type of free sensory ending in the skin.
nerve e. any one of the specialized terminations of peripheral sensory or motor nerve fibers. See motor endplate, corpuscle, bulb.
sole-plate e. motor endplate
synaptic e.'s axon terminals, under terminal
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Shigeru, Japanese bacteriologist, 1869-1937. See E. agar; E.'s fuchsin agar, medium.
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Prefixes indicating within, inner, absorbing, or containing. See also ento-. [G. endon, within]
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Within the abdomen.
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A glucanohydrolase acting on internal glycosidic bonds (e.g., a-amylase).
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aneurysmoplasty
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aneurysmoplasty [endo- + G. aneurysma, aneurysm, + rhaphe, suture]
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endangiitis
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endaortitis
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Simple catarrhal inflammation, limited more or less strictly to the mucosal surface of the vermiform appendix.
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endarteritis
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Auscultation of the thoracic organs, especially the heart, by means of a stethoscopic tube passed into the esophagus or into the heart.
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endosac
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A cephalometric and craniometric point located in the midline at the most posterior point of the anterior border of the foramen magnum on the contour of the foramen; it is slightly posterior and internal to basion.
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Living as a parasite within the host.
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Entoderm. [endo- + G. blastos, germ]
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intrabronchial
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1. intracardiac 2. Relating to the endocardium.
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Electrocardiography with the exploring electrode within the chambers of the heart. See also intracardiac catheter.
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Relating to endocarditis.
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Inflammation of the endocardium.encarditis;
abacterial thrombotic e. nonbacterial thrombotic e
acute bacterial e. a type of bacterial endocarditis caused by pyogenic organisms such as hemolytic streptococci or staphylococci.
atypical verrucous e. Libman-Sacks e
bacteria-free stage of bacterial e. e. described prior to the antibiotic era and presumably due to spontaneous healing of the bacterial vegetations.
bacterial e. e. caused by the direct invasion of bacteria and leading to deformity and destruction of the valve leaflets. Two types are acute bacterial endocarditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis.
cachectic e. nonbacterial thrombotic e
e. chorda´lis e. affecting particularly the chordae tendineae.
constrictive e. thickening of the endocardium due to inflammation of any origin that restricts the diastolic relaxation of one or both ventricles producing diastolic ventricular failure.
infectious e. , infective e. e. due to infection by microorganisms.
isolated parietal e. fibrous thickening of the endocardium of the left ventricle without valvular involvement.
Libman-Sacks e. verrucous e. sometimes associated with disseminated lupus erythematosus.atypical verrucous e., Libman-Sacks syndrome, nonbacterial verrucous e;
Löffler's e. , Löffler's fibroplastic e. fibroplastic parietal e. with eosinophilia, an e. of obscure cause characterized by progressive congestive heart failure, multiple systemic emboli, and eosinophilia.Löffler's disease, Löffler's syndrome (2);
Loffler's parietal fibroplastic e. sclerosis of the endocardium in the presence of a high eosinophile count.
malignant e. acute bacterial e., usually secondary to suppuration elsewhere and running a fulminating course.septic e;
marantic e. nonbacterial thrombotic e. associated with cancer and other debilitating diseases.
mural e. inflammation of the endocardium involving the walls of the chambers of the heart.
mycotic e. e. due to infection by fungi.
nonbacterial thrombotic e. verrucous endocardial lesions occurring in the terminal stages of many chronic infectious and wasting diseases.abacterial thrombotic e., cachectic e., terminal e., thromboendocarditis;
nonbacterial verrucous e. Libman-Sacks e
polypous e. bacterial e. with the formation of pedunculated masses of fibrin, or thrombi, attached to the ulcerated valves.
rheumatic e. endocardial involvment as part of rheumatic heart disease, recognized clinically by valvular involvement; in the acute stage, there may be tiny fibrin vegetations along the lines of closure of the valve leaflets, with subsequent fibrous thickening and shortening of the leaflets.
septic e. malignant e
subacute bacterial e. (SBE) subacute bacterial endocarditis is usually due to Streptococcus viridans or S. fecalis.
terminal e. nonbacterial thrombotic e
valvular e. inflammation confined to the endocardium of the valves.
vegetative e. , verrucous e. e. associated with the presence of fibrinous clots (vegetations) forming on the ulcerated surfaces of the valves.
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The innermost tunic of the heart, which includes endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue; in the atrial wall, smooth muscle and numerous elastic fibers also occur. [endo- + G. kardia, heart]
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Within one of the body cavities. [endo- + G. koilia, cavity, ventricle]
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1. Within any cervix, specifically within the cervix uteri.intracervical; 2. Relating to the endocervix.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix uteri.endotrachelitis;
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The mucous membrane of the cervical canal.
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intracartilaginous [endo- + G. chondros, cartilage]
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Simple catarrhal inflammation of the colon.
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Inflammation of the vaginal mucous membrane. [endo- + G. colpos, vagina, + -itis, inflammation]
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1. Within the cranium. 2. Relating to the endocranium.encranial, entocranial;
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The lining membrane of the cranium, or dura mater of the brain.entocranium;
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1. Secreting internally, most commonly into the systemic circulation; of or pertaining to such secretion. Cf. paracrine. 2. The internal or hormonal secretion of a ductless gland. 3. Denoting a gland that furnishes an internal secretion. [endo- + G. krino, to separate]
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One who specializes in endocrinology.
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The science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations. [endocrine + G. logos, study]
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A tumor with endocrine tissue that retains the function of the parent organ, usually to an excessive degree.
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Relating to or suffering from an endocrinopathy.
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A disorder in the function of an endocrine gland and the consequences thereof. [endocrine + G. pathos, disease]
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Treatment of disease by the administration of extracts of endocrine glands. [endocrine + G. therapeia, medical treatment]
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Within a cycle or ring; e.g., the 6 C atoms of the benzene ring in toluene. Cf. exocyclic.
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The inner layer of a hydatid cyst.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. [endo- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]
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Internalization of substances from the extracellular environment through the formation of vesicles formed from the plasma membrane. There are two forms: (a) fluid phase (pinocytosis), and (b) receptor mediated. See also phagocytosis. Cf. exocytosis (2) . [endo- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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The innermost of the three primary germ layers of the embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm); from it is derived the epithelial lining of the primitive gut tract and the epithelial component of the glands and other structures (e.g., lower respiratory system) that developed as outgrowths from the gut tube.entoderm, hypoblast; [endo- + G. derma, skin]
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Former name for Trichophyton, especially for the species causing tinea imbricata, T. concentricum. [endo- + G. derma, skin, + phyton, plant]
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An x-ray tube that may be placed within a cavity of the body; an archaic device.
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X-ray visualization by means of an endodiascope; an archaic procedure. [endo- + G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]
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endodontics
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A field of dentistry concerned with the biology and pathology of the dental pulp and periapical tissues, and with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pathoses and traumatic injuries in these tissues.endodontia, endodontology; [endo- + G. odous, tooth]
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One who specializes in the practice of endodontics.endodontologist;
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endodontist
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endodontics
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1. A trophozoite formed by endodyogeny. 2. merozoite [endo- + G. dys, two, + kytos, cell]
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A process of asexual development seen among certain coccidia, such as Toxoplasma and Frenkelia, in which no separate nuclear division occurs, as in schizogony; the two daughters develop internally within the parent, without nuclear conjugation. [endo- + G. dys, two, + genesis, creation]
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Inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane. [endo- + G. enteron, intestine, -itis, inflammation]
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intracellular enzyme
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Inflammation of the internal lining of the esophagus.
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Application of an alternating electric current to the interior of any cavity of the body. See fulguration.
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Application of a direct electric current to the interior of any cavity of the body. See fulguration.
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Reproduction by conjugation between sister cells, the descendants of one original cell. [endo- + G. gamos, marriage]
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Within the stomach.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. [endo- + G. gaster, stomach, + -itis, inflammation]
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endogenous
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In microbial genetics, the recipient cell's genome. [endo- + genote]
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Originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts.endogenic; [endo- + G. -gen, production]
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Within a globular body; specifically, within a red blood cell.
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The medial of the two segments constituting the incisive bone. See mesognathion. [endo- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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An obsolete procedure for closure, by sutures, of the interior lining of a hernial sac.
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Poisoning by an endogenous toxin.
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Within the larynx.
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A genus of small nonpathogenic amebae parasitic in the large intestine of man and other animals. [endo- + G. leimax, a meadow or garden]
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A calcified body found in the pulp chamber of a tooth; may be composed of irregular dentin (true denticle) or due to ectopic calcification of pulp tissue (false denticle).denticle (1), pulp calcification, pulp calculus, pulp nodule, pulp stone; [endo- + G. lithos, stone]
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The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; endolymph resembles intracellular fluid in composition (potassium is the main positively-charged ion).endolympha [NA], Scarpa's fluid, Scarpa's liquor;
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endolymph [endo- + L. lympha, a clear fluid]
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Relating to the endolymph.
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Production of merozoites in the asexual reproduction of sporozoan protozoa by a process originating in the interior of the schizont (as contrasted with ectomerogony); observed in species of Eimeria. [endo- + G. meros, part, + gone, generation]
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Plural of endometrium.
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Relating to or composed of endometrium.
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Microscopically resembling endometrial tissue.
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Circumscribed mass of ectopic endometrial tissue in endometriosis. [endometrium + -oma, tumor]
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Ectopic occurrence of endometrial tissue, frequently forming cysts containing altered blood. [endometrium + -osis, condition]
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Inflammation of the endometrium. [endometrium + -itis, inflammation]
decidual e. inflammation of the decidual mucous membrane of the gravid uterus.
e. dis´secans e. with ulceration and exfoliation of the mucous membrane.
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The mucous membrane comprising the inner layer of the uterine wall; it consists of a simple columnar epithelium and a lamina propria that contains simple tubular uterine glands. The structure, thickness, and state of the endometrium undergo marked change with the menstrual cycle.tunica mucosa uteri [NA]; [endo- + G. metra, uterus]
Swiss cheese e. glandular hyperplasia of the e. with cyst formation, so-called because of the appearance of the cysts in histologic sections.
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Denoting an external stimulus capable of producing a response of the uterus, specifically the endometrium. [endo- + G. metra, uterus, + trope, a turning]
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endopolyploidy
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A constitutional body type or build (biotype or somatotype) in which tissues that originated in the endoderm prevail; from a morphological standpoint, the trunk predominates over the limbs.brachytype; [endo- + G. morphe, form]
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Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an endomorph.
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Radiotelemetering capsule for studying the interior of the gastrointestinal tract. [endo- + L. motor, mover, + Fr. sonde, sounding line]
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A species of yeastlike fungus that is the perfect state of Geotrichum candidum and the cause of geotrichosis.
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An order of Ascomycota that includes the yeasts.Saccharomycetales;
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Relating to the endocardium and the myocardium.
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Inflammation of both endocardium and myocardium.
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Sepsis involving the tissues of the uterus. [endo- + G. mys, muscle, + metra, uterus, + -itis, inflammation]
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The fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber. [endo- + G. mys, muscle]
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Obsolete term for inflammation of the endoneurium.
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The innermost connective tissue supportive structure present in peripheral nerve trunks, found within the fascicles. With the perineurium and epineurium, composes the peripheral nerve stroma.Henle's sheath, sheath of Key and Retzius; [endo- + G. neuron, nerve]
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A nuclease (phosphodiesterase) that cleaves polynucleotides (nucleic acids) at interior bonds, thus producing poly- or oligonucleotide fragments of varying size. Cf. exonuclease.
micrococcal e. an enzyme that cleaves nucleic acids to oligonucleotides terminating in 3´-phosphates.micrococcal nuclease, spleen e., spleen phosphodiesterases;
nucleate e. endonuclease Serratia marcescens
restriction e. one of many e.'s isolated from bacteria that hydrolyze (cut) double-stranded DNA chains at specific sequences, thus inactivating a foreign (viral or other) DNA and restricting its activity; these e.'s have become standard laboratory devices for making specific cuts in DNA as a first step in deducing sequences and are sometimes referred to as a "chemical knife;" usually named by a three- or four-letter abbreviation of the name of the organism from which isolated (e.g., EcoB from Escherichia coli, strain B).restriction enzyme;
single-stranded nucleate e. endonuclease S1 Aspergillus.
spleen e. micrococcal e
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An enzyme cleaving RNA or DNA to 5´-ended mono- or oligonucleotides; prefers single stranded polynucleic acids.deoxyribonuclease S1;
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A nuclease (a nucleate oligonucleotidohydrolase) that forms oligonucleotides ending in 5´-phosphates from RNA and DNA; hydrolyzes both double-stranded and single-stranded polynucleic acids.nucleate endonuclease;
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A minute unstainable spot near the center of a nucleolus.
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A parasite living within the body of its host.
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infection
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An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of a peptide chain at points well within the chain, not near termini; e.g., pepsin, trypsin. Cf. exopeptidase. proteinase;
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panarteritis [endo- + G. peri, around, + arteritis]
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intrapericardiac
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Simultaneous inflammation of the endocardium and pericardium. [endo- + G. peri, around, + kardia, heart, + -itis, inflammation]
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Simultaneous inflammation of the heart muscle and of the endocardium and pericardium. [endo- + G. peri, around, + mys, muscle, + kardia, heart, + -itis, inflammation]
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Obsolete term for inflammation of both endoneurium and perineurium.
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Superficial inflammation of the peritoneum.
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A peroxide (-O-O-) group that bridges two atoms that are both parts of a larger molecule.
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Inflammation of the intima of a vein. [endo- + G. phleps (phleb-), vein, + -itis, inflammation]
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Inflammation of the tissues within the eyeball. [endo- + G. ophthalmos, eye, + -itis, inflammation]
granulomatous e. a diffuse, chronic inflammation of intraocular tissues.
e. ophthal´mia nodo´sa e. due to intraocular caterpillar hairs. See ophthalmia nodosa.
e. phacoanaphylac´tica inflammation of the uveal tract as a result of sensitization by the lens cortex; simulates sympathetic ophthalmia.
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Tremulousness of any intraocular structure, especially of an implanted lens (pseudophakodonesis). [endo- + ophthalmo- + G. doneo, to shake]
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A plant parasite living within another organism. [endo- + G. phyton, plant]
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1. Pertaining to an endophyte. 2. Referring to an infiltrative, invasive tumor.
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The inner or medullary part of the cytoplasm, as opposed to the ectoplasm, containing the cell organelles.entoplasm;
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Referring to the endoplasm.
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Former name for endosome. [endo- + G. plastos, formed]
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Relating to the endoplasm.
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Asexual reproduction in which more than two offspring are formed within the parent organism and in which two or possibly more nuclear divisions occur before merozoite formation begins; a form of internal budding observed in Toxoplasma gondii. Cf. endodyogeny. [endo- + G. polys, many, + genesis, creation]
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Relating to endopolyploidy.
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The process or state of duplication of the chromosomes without accompanying spindle formation or cytokinesis, resulting in a polyploid nucleus.endomitosis; [endo- + polyploidy]
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A form of polyploidy or polysomy by redoubling of chromosomes, giving rise to four-stranded chromosomes at prophase and metaphase.
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See under organ.
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Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ an endorphin as their neurotransmitter. [endorphin + G. ergon, work]
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Opioid peptides originally isolated from the brain but now found in many parts of the body; in the nervous system, e.'s bind to the same receptors that bind exogenous opiates. A variety of e.'s (e.g., alpha and beta) that vary not only in their physical and chemical properties but also in physiologic action have been isolated. See also enkephalins. [fr. endogenous morphine]
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dura mater of spinal cord [endo- + G. rhachis, the spine]
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A sac or bag used in laparoscopic surgery in which tissue is placed to facilitate removal or morcellation.endobag;
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Aberrant mucous membrane in the ovary or elsewhere consisting of ciliated tubal mucosa without stroma of endometrial type.
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Inflammation of the lining membrane of the eustachian or the fallopian tube. [endo- + G. salpinx (salping-), tube, + -itis, inflammation]
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The mucosa of the fallopian tube. [endo + G. salpinx, tube]
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The endoplasm of a protozoan.entosarc; [endo- + G. sarx (sark-), flesh]
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An instrument for the examination of the interior of a canal or hollow viscus. [endo- + G. skopeo, to examine]
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A specialist trained in the use of an endoscope.
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Examination of the interior of a canal or hollow viscus by means of a special instrument, such as an endoscope. [see endoscope]
peroral e. visual examination of interior sections of the body by introduction of an instrument (an endoscope) through the mouth; examples include esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, bronchoscopy.
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The internal bony framework of the body; the skeleton in its usual context as distinguished from exoskeleton.
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Obsolete term for osmosis in a direction toward the interior of a cell or a cavity; the inward direction is not self-evident in all systems.
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A more or less central body in the vesicular nucleus of certain Feulgen-negative (DNA-) protozoa (e.g., trypanosomes, parasitic amebae, and phytoflagellates), with the chromatin (DNA+) lying between the nuclear membrane and the e. Cf. nucleolus. [endo- + G. soma, body]
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Ultrasonography performed using an ultrasound transducer mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope.
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A sonographic study carried out by transducers inserted into the body as miniature probes in the esophagus, urethra, bladder, vagina, or rectum.
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A storage tissue found in many seeds that nourishes the embryo of a plant.
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1. A resistant body formed within the vegetative cells of some bacteria, particularly those belonging to the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. 2. A fungus spore borne within a cell or within the tubular end of a sporophore as in the spherale of Coccidioides immitis. [endo- + G. sporos, seed]
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Relating to the endosteum.
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Inflammation of the endosteum or of the medullary cavity of a bone.central osteitis (2), perimyelitis; [endo- + G. osteon, bone, + -itis, inflammation]
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A benign neoplasm of bone tissue in the medullary cavity of a bone.endostoma; [endo- + G. osteon, bone, + -oma, tumor]
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A stethoscopic tube used in endoauscultation. [endo- + G. stethos, chest, + skopeo, to examine]
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A layer of cells lining the inner surface of bone in the central medullary cavity.medullary membrane, perimyelis; [endo- + G. osteon, bone]
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endosteoma
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The fine connective tissue surrounding secondary fascicles of a tendon. [endo- + L. tendon, tendon, + -eus, adj.; the whole, in its neuter form, used substantively]
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Plural of endothelium.
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Relating to the endothelium.
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A 21-amino acid peptide originally derived from endothelial cells. It is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor. Three different gene products have been identified, endothelin 1, endothelin 2, and endothelin 3; they are found in brain, kidney, and endothelium (endothelin 1), intestine (endothelin 2), and intestine and adrenal gland (endothelin 3).
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endothelial cell
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Resembling endothelium.
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Generic term for a group of neoplasms, particularly benign tumors, derived from the endothelial tissue of blood vessels or lymphatic channels; e.'s may be benign or malignant. [endothelium + -oma, tumor]
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Proliferation of endothelium.
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A layer of flat cells lining especially blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart. [endo- + G. thele, nipple]
e. of anterior chamber a single layer of large, squamous cells that covers the posterior surface of the cornea.e. camerae anterioris [NA];
e. cam´erae anterio´ris [NA] e. of anterior chamber
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Denoting a chemical reaction during which heat (enthalpy) is absorbed. Cf. exothermic (1) . [endo- + G. therme, heat]
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Fungal spores (conidia) invading the interior of a hair shaft; there is no conspicuous external sheath of spores, as there is with ectothrix. [endo- + G. thrix, hair]
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Presence in the blood of endotoxins, which, if derived from Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, may cause a generalized Shwartzman phenomenon with shock.
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Denoting an endotoxin.
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Poisoning by an endotoxin.
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1. A bacterial toxin not freely liberated into the surrounding medium, in contrast to exotoxin. 2. The complex phospholipid-polysaccharide macromolecules which form an integral part of the cell wall of a variety of relatively avirulent as well as virulent strains of Gram-negative bacteria. The toxins are relatively heat-stable, are less potent than most exotoxins, are less specific, and do not form toxoids; on injection, they may cause a state of shock accompanied by severe diarrhea, and, in smaller doses, fever and leukopenia followed by leukocytosis; they have the capacity of eliciting the Shwartzman and the Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomena.intracellular toxin;
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Within the trachea.
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endocervicitis
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Genitourinary operative procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic) performed through instruments. These may be cystoscopic, pelviscopic, celioscopic, or laparoscopic.
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Oral administration of vaccines.
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endangiitis
hemorrhagic e. endothelial and medial hyperplasia of placental blood vessels with thrombosis, fragmentation, and diapedesis of red blood cells resulting in stillbirth or fetal developmental disorders.
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intravenous
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The terminal part of the tail of a spermatozoon consisting of the axoneme and the flagellar membrane.
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The ending of a motor nerve fiber in relation to a skeletal muscle fiber.
motor e. the large and complex end-formation by which the axon of a motor neuron establishes synaptic contact with a striated muscle fiber (cell); several terminal branches of a motor axon end in irregular, club-shaped synaptic end-formations that are bedded in a single trough-like depression of the muscle fiber's surface; the postsynaptic membrane, the sarcolemma that forms the bottom of the trough, is greatly increased in surface area by deep infoldings protruding into the underlying cytoplasm of the muscle fiber; the subsynaptic interval between the plasma membrane of the axon terminals and the sarcolemma is filled with an amorphous substance; the trough is closed off toward the surface by the Schwann sheath, which peels away from the axons as the latter enter the trough and thus forms a lid over the trough; the slight bulge of this closure plate corresponds to Doyère's eminence.sole-plate ending;
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At the end of a normal expiration.
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ependyma [G. a garment]
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Abbreviation for ethylnorepinephrine.
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Suffix applied to a chemical name indicating the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond; e.g., propene (unsaturated propane, CH3-CH=CH2). [G. enos, origin]
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The atomic arrangement -C(OH)=C(OH)- produced by proton migration from the CH of a -CHOH group that is attached to a -CO- group to the oxygen of the -CO- group (usually induced by alkali), giving rise to doubly bonded carbon atoms (the -ene group), each bearing a -CHOH group (a diol); a special case of enolization.
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A rectal injection for clearing out the bowel, or administering drugs or food. [G.]
air contrast e. a double contrast e. in which air is introduced after coating of the colon with a dense barium suspension for radiographic study.air contrast barium e;
air contrast barium e. air contrast e
analeptic e. an e. of a pint of lukewarm water with one-half teaspoonful of table salt.
barium e. a type of contrast enema; administration of barium, a radiopaque medium, for radiographic and fluoroscopic study of the lower intestinal tract.
blind e. the introduction into the rectum of a rubber tube to facilitate the expulsion of flatus.
contrast e. e. using barium or another contrast medium.
double contrast e. after evacuation of a barium e. and injection of air into the rectum, radiographs show fine details of mucosa of the rectum and colon.
flatus e. an e. of magnesium sulfate in glycerin and warm water.
high e. an e. instilled high up into the colon.enteroclysis (1);
Hypaque e. e. with water-soluble radiographic contrast material, whether diatrizoate or other.
nutrient e. a rectal injection of predigested food.
oil retention e. a rectal injection of mineral oil, introduced at low pressure and retained for several hours before expelling, to soften feces.
small bowel e. radiographic examination of the small intestine, by retrograde filling from the contrast-filled large bowel.
soapsuds e. an e. of shredded or powdered soap in warm water.
turpentine e. an e. of turpentine and olive oil in soapsuds.
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An appliance used to give an enema.
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The use of enemas.
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The study of the energy changes involved in physical and chemical reaction, changes, and systems.
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An apparatus for measuring blood pressure. [G. energeia, energy, + metron, measure]
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The exertion of power; the capacity to do work, taking the forms of kinetic e., potential e., chemical e., electrical e., etc.dynamic force; [G. energeia, fr. en, in, + ergon, work]
e. of activation e. that must be added to that already possessed by a molecule or molecules in order to initiate a reaction; usually expressed in the Arrhenius equation relating a rate constant to absolute temperature.
binding e. e. that would be released if a particular atomic nucleus were formed through the combination of individual protons and neutrons.fusion e;
chemical e. e. liberated or absorbed by a chemical reaction, e.g., oxidation of carbon, or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound.
free e. (F) a thermodynamic function symbolized as F, or G (Gibbs free e.), =H - TS, where H is the enthalpy of a system, T the absolute temperature, and S the entropy; chemical reactions proceed spontaneously in the direction that involves a net decrease in the free e. of the system (i.e., DELTAG < 0).
fusion e. binding e
Gibbs e. of activation the Gibbs e. that must be added to that already possessed by a molecule or molecules in order to initiate a reaction.
Gibbs free e. (G) See free e.
Helmholtz e. (A) e. equivalent to the internal energy minus the entropy contribution (TS).
internal e. (U) e. of a system measured by the heat absorbed from the system's surroundings and the amount of work done on the system by its surroundings.
kinetic e. the e. of motion.
latent e. potential e
nuclear e. e. given off in the course of nuclear reaction or stored in the formation of an atomic nucleus.
nutritional e. trophodynamics
e. of position potential e
potential e. the e., existing in a body by virtue of its position or state of existence, which is not being exerted at the time.e. of position, latent e;
psychic e. in psychoanalysis, a hypothetical mental force, analogous to the physical concept of e., which enables and vitalizes an individual's psychological activity. See also libido.psychic force;
radiant e. e. contained in light rays or any other form of radiation.
solar e. e. derived from sunlight.
total e. the sum of kinetic and potential e.'s.
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Failure of nerve force; weakening. [L. enervo, pp. -atus, to enervate, fr. e- priv. + nervus, nerve]
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2-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether;a potent volatile inhalation anesthetic that is nonflammable and nonexplosive.
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Abbreviation for electronystagmography.
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In obstetrics, the mechanism by which the biparietal diameter of the fetal head enters the plane of the inlet.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is wholly or partly within the abdomen of the larger autosite. [G. en, in, + gaster, belly]
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Theodor W., German physiologist, 1843-1909. See E.'s basal knobs, under knob.
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Guido, German surgeon, *1876. See E.'s disease.
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The practical application of physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles.
biomedical e. application of e. principles to obtain solutions to biomedical problems.
dental e. application of e. principles to dentistry.
genetic e. internal manipulation of basic genetic material of an organism to modify biologic heredity or to produce peptides of high purity, such as hormones or antigens.
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Josef, Austrian physician, 1835-1915. See E.'s sinus.
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To take in by a spheroidal body; said of the ingestion of bacteria and other foreign bodies by the phagocytes.
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The process of inclusion by a spheroidal body, such as by a phagocyte.
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Absolutely filled; distended with fluid. See also congested, hyperemic. [O. Fr. fr. Mediev. L. gorgia, throat, narrow passage, fr. L. gurges, a whirlpool]
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Distention with fluid or other material. See also congestion, hyperemia.
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In the mnemic hypothesis, a physical habit or memory trace made on the protoplasm of an organism by the repetition of stimuli. [G. en, in, + gramma, mark]
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The formation of engrams.
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Denoting the grapelike cluster arrangement of microconidia of certain dermatophytes. [Fr. en, in, + grappe, bunch of grapes]
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1. The act of augmenting. 2. In immunology, the prolongation of a process or event by suppressing an opposing process.
acoustic e. a manifestation of increased acoustic signal amplitude returning from regions beyond an object which causes little or no attenuation of the sound beam. Cf. acoustic shadow.
contrast e. the intravenous administration of water-soluble iodinated contrast material, which increases the CT number of the vascular pool, as well as some lesions (particularly in the brain), due to abnormal leakage into the interstitium; the property of showing increased radiopacity from concentration of contrast medium.
edge e. using analogue or digital image processing to increase the contrast of each interface; equivalent to using a high-pass filter.
immunological e. immunoenhancement
ring e. in computed tomography, when a bright circle appears on an image made after injection of contrast medium, characteristic of localization of the contrast in the wall of an abscess.
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Genetic elements important in the function of a specific promoter. [M.E. enhauncen, raise, increase, fr. O. Fr. enhaucier, fr. L.L. inalto, fr. altus, high, + -er, agent suffix]
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Obsolete terms for merozoite. [G. en, in, + haima, blood, + sporos, seed]
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Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ an enkephalin as their neurotransmitter. [enkephalin + G. ergon, work]
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Pentapeptide endorphins, found in many parts of the brain, that bind to specific receptor sites, some of which may be pain-related opiate receptors; hypothesized as endogenous neurotransmitters and nonaddicting analgesics. Metenkephalin is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met; leuenkephalin has Leu in place of Met; proenkephalin has Pro in place of Met.
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1. An increase in size; an anatomical swelling, enlargement, or prominence. 2. An intumescence or swelling.intumescentia [NA], intumescence (1);
cervical e. a spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord extending from the third cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, with maximum thickness opposite the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra, consequential to the innervation of the upper limb.intumescentia cervicalis [NA], cervical e. of spinal cord;
cervical e. of spinal cord cervical e
gingival e. an overgrowth (localized or diffuse) of gingival tissue, nonspecific in nature. See also gingival hyperplasia.
lumbar e. a spindle-shaped swelling of the spinal cord beginning at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra and tapering into the medullary cone, with maximum thickness opposite the last thoracic vertebra, consequential to the innervation of the lower limb.intumescentia lumbalis [NA], lumbar e. of spinal cord;
lumbar e. of spinal cord lumbar e
tympanic e. a swelling, not ganglionic, on the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeus nerve; it is regarded as possibly similar to the carotid glomus.intumescentia tympanica, tympanic intumescence;
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Suffix indicating an unsaturated acid. [-ene + -ic]
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A compound possessing a hydroxyl group (alcohol) attached to a doubly bonded (ethylenic) carbon atom (-CH=CH(OH)-); properly italicized when attached as a prefix or infix to an otherwise complete name; e.g., enol pyruvate; phosphoenolpyruvate; usually in equilibrium with its keto tautomer. [-ene + -ol]
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An enzyme catalyzing the reversible dehydration of 2-phospho-d-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water; a step in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; several isozymes exist; inhibited by F-.phosphopyruvate hydratase;
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Conversion of a keto to an enol form; e.g., CH3-CO-COOH -> CH2=C(OH)COOH.
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CH2=C(OH)-COO-un, the form of pyruvate encountered in the biologically important phosphoenolpyruvate (enol pyruvate phosphate), not in the free form.
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enophthalmos
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Recession of the eyeball within the orbit.enophthalmia; [G. en, in, + ophthalmos, eye]
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Rarely used term denoting that which occurs as an innate characteristic of an organism.
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Rarely used term for the obsessive belief of having committed an unpardonable offense. [G. enosis, a quaking, + mania, insanity]
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A mass of proliferating bone tissue within a bone. [G. en, in, + osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
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The acyl radical of an unsaturated aliphatic acid. [-ene + -oyl]
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An enzyme catalyzing hydrogenation of acyl-ACP complexes to 2,3-dehydroacyl-ACP's, with NAD+ as hydrogen acceptor; important in fatty acid metabolism.crotonyl-ACP reductase;
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An enzyme carrying out the same reaction as enoyl-ACP reductase, but with NADP+ as hydrogen acceptor.acyl-ACP dehydrogenase, acyl-ACP reductase;
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DELTA2-enoyl-CoA hydratase;an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction between an l-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA and a 2,3- (or 3,4) trans-enoyl-CoA in fatty acid degradation.crotonase, enoyl hydrase;
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acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH+)
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Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP+).
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enoyl-CoA hydratase
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A derivative of theophylline which shares with the latter agent bronchodilator properties. A xanthine derivative containing a propyl but lacking the methyl groups usually found in theophylline, caffeine and theobromine preparations. Used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Abbreviation for ethylnorepinephrine.
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xiphoid [L. ensis, sword, + forma, appearance]
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xiphoid process [L. ensis, sword, + sternum]
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Obsolete term for entropion. [G. en, in, + strophe, a turning]
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Acronym for equivalent normal son unit, that amount of information (from any source linkage carrier phenotype, etc.) that will have the same impact on the conditional probability that a female consultand is a carrier for an X-linked trait as one normal son does; each normal son contributes one ensu. Cf. encu.
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Abbreviation for ears, nose, and throat. See otorhinolaryngology.
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See ento-.
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A glycoprotein that binds to laminin in the basal lamina of the renal glomerulus and is a major cell attachment factor.nidogen;
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Toward the interior. [G. entos, within, + L. ad, to]
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Relating to the interior; inside. [G. entos, within]
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Infection with Entamoeba histolytica. See amebiasis, amebic dysentery.
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A genus of ameba parasitic in the cecum and large bowel of man and other primates and in many domestic and wild mammals and birds; with the exception of E. histolytica, members of the genus appear to be relatively harmless inhabitants of the host. [G. entos, within + amoibe, change]
E. bucca´lis former name for E. gingivalis.
E. co´li nonpathogenic species that occurs in the large intestine of man, other primates, dogs, and possibly pigs; often confused with E. histolytica, but distinguished by nuclear details and by the number of nuclei and the form of chromatoidals in the cyst.
E. gingiva´lis a species found in the oral cavity of man, other primates, dogs, and cats; in man, it is frequently associated with poor oral hygiene and its resultant diseases.
E. hartman´ni species found in the large intestine of man, other primates, and dogs; now considered to be a distinct strain or species that is nonpathogenic and smaller than E. histolytica but otherwise indistinguishable from it; formerly called the "small race" of E. histolytica.
E. histoly´tica a species that is the only distinct pathogen of the genus, the so-called "large race" of E. histolytica, causing tropical or amebic dysentery in man and also in dogs (man is the reservoir for canine infections). In man, the organism, though usually nonpathogenic, may penetrate the epithelial tissues of the colon, causing ulceration (amebic dysentery); in a small proportion of these cases, the organism may reach the liver by the portal bloodstream and produce abscesses (hepatic amebiasis); in a fraction of these cases it may then spread to other organs, such as the lungs, brain, kidney, or skin and frequently be fatal.
E. moshkov´skii a species of ameba very similar to E. histolytica, probably not infective to man, but a cause of diagnostic difficulties since it has been recovered from human sewage and may be responsible for false-positive results in tests of sewage plant effluents.
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The genus of viruses (family Poxviridae) that comprises the poxviruses of insects; they seem not to multiply in vertebrates. [G. entomon, insect]
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See entero-.
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Within, or by way of, the intestine or gastrointestinal tract, especially as distinguished from parenteral. [G. enteron, intestine]
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Enterdynia; severe abdominal pain accompanying spasm of the bowel.enterdynia, enterodynia; [entero- + G. algos, pain]
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serotonin
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enteralgia
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Dilation of the bowel. [entero- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
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Resection of a segment of the intestine. [entero- + G. ektome, excision]
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Ulceration of the bowel. [entero- + G. helkos, ulcer]
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Relating to the intestine. [G. enterikos, from entera, bowels]
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Inflammation of the intestine, especially of the small intestine. [entero- + G. -itis, inflammation]
e. anaphylac´tica a hemorrhagic and necrotizing inflammation developing in the ileum (and also the colon) of sensitized dogs when they are fed a second dose of the sensitizing material.chronic anaphylaxis;
chronic cicatrizing e. regional e
diphtheritic e. e. with the formation of a membrane or a false membrane. See also pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
duck viral e. duck plague
feline infectious e. panleukopenia
granulomatous e. regional e
hemorrhagic e. a disease of turkeys caused by an adenovirus and characterized by splenomegaly and intestinal hemorrhage.
e. of mink a highly contagious enteric disease of mink similar to panleukopenia and caused by mink enteritis virus.
mucomembranous e. an affection of the intestinal mucous membrane characterized by constipation or diarrhea (sometimes alternating), colic, and the passage of pseudomembranous shreds or incomplete casts of the intestine.mucoenteritis (2);
e. necrot´icans e. with necrosis of the bowel wall caused by Clostridium welchii.
phlegmonous e. severe acute inflammation of the intestine, with edematous bowel wall infiltrated with pus.
e. polypo´sa e. associated with polyp formation.
pseudomembranous e. pseudomembranous enterocolitis
regional e. a subacute chronic e., of unknown cause, involving the terminal ileum and less frequently other parts of the gastrointestinal tract; characterized by patchy deep ulcers that may cause fistulas, and narrowing and thickening of the bowel by fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, with noncaseating tuberculoid granulomas that also may be found in regional lymph nodes; symptoms include fever, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, and weight loss.chronic cicatrizing e., Crohn's disease, distal ileitis, regional ileitis, terminal ileitis, granulomatous e;
transmissible e. bluecomb disease of turkeys
tuberculous e. enteric tuberculosis that may occur in the absence of obvious pulmonary t.; may be caused by bovine tuberculosis contracted through drinking of unpasteurized milk or swallowing of tubercle bacilli expectorated from cavitary lesions in the lung.
ulcerative e. an e. of quail and chickens caused by the bacterium Clostridium colinum.
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The intestines. [G. enteron, intestine]
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enteroenterostomy
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enterogastrone
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Obsolete term for exclusion of a segment of the intestine by forming an anastomosis between the parts above and below. [entero- + G. apokleisis, exclusion, fr. apo, from, + kleio, to close]
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A genus of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, nonsporeforming, motile bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods. The cells are peritrichous, and some strains have encapsulated cells. Glucose is fermented with the production of acid and gas. The Voges-Proskauer test is usually positive. Gelatin is slowly liquefied by the most commonly occurring forms (E. cloacae). These organisms occur in the feces of man and other animals and in sewage, soil, water, and dairy products; recognized as an agent of common nosocomial infections of the urinary tract, lungs, or blood. Somewhat resistant to antibiotics. The type species is E. cloacae.
E. aerog´enes a species found in water, soil, sewage, dairy products, and the feces of man and other animals. Organisms previously identified as motile strains of Aerobacter aerogenes are now placed in this species.Klebsiella mobilis;
E. cloa´cae a species found in the feces of man and other animals and in sewage, soil, and water; it is occasionally found in urine and pus and in other pathologic materials from animals; it is the type species of the genus E.
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Plural of enterobacterium.
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A family of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, nonsporeforming bacteria (order Eubacteriales) containing Gram-negative rods. Some species are nonmotile, and nonmotile variants of motile species occur; the motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms grow well on artificial media. They reduce nitrates to nitrites and utilize glucose fermentatively with the production of acid or acid and gas. Indophenol oxidase is not produced by these organisms. They do not liquefy alginate, and pectate is liquefied only by members of one genus, Pectobacterium. This family includes many animal parasites and some plant parasites causing blights, galls, and soft rots. Some of these organisms occur as saprophytes which decompose carbohydrate-containing plant materials. The type genus is Escherichia.
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A member of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Infection with Enterobius vermicularis, the human pinworm.
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A genus of nematode worms, formerly included with the genus Oxyuris, which includes the pinworms (E. vermicularis) of man and primates. [entero- + G. bios, life]
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Obsolete term for perforation of the intestine. [entero- + G. brosis, corrosion]
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1. A hernial protrusion through a defect in the rectovaginal or vesicovaginal pouch. [entero- + G. kele, hernia] 2. abdominal cavity [entero- + G. koilia, a hollow] 3. An intestinal hernia. [see 1]
partial e. parietal hernia
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Puncture of the intestine with a hollow needle (trocar and cannula) to withdraw substances. [entero- + G. kentesis, puncture]
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cholecystenterostomy [entero- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + stoma, mouth]
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cholecystenterotomy [entero- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + tome, a cutting]
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Occlusion of the lumen of the alimentary canal. [entero- + G. kleisis, a closing]
omental e. use of omentum to aid closure of an opening in intestine.
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1. high enema 2. In radiography of the small intestine, filling by introduction of contrast medium through a catheter advanced into the duodenum or jejunum from above. [entero- + G. klysis, a washing out]
radiological e. method of imaging the duodenum and small intestine by intubation of the duodenum and installation of dilute barium; also known as small bowel enema.
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A blood-borne disease, occasionally leading to septicemia, caused by members of the group D streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium.
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Genus of facultatively anaerobic, generally nonmotile, non-spore forming, Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the family Streptococcaceae, formerly classified as part of the genus Streptococcus. Found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, enterococci cause intraabdominal, wound and urinary tract infections. Type species is E. faecalis. E. faecium is also clinically significant.
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A streptococcus that inhabits the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. kokkos, a berry]
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of a greater or lesser extent of both small and large intestines.coloenteritis; [entero- + G. kolon, colon, + -itis, inflammation]
antibiotic e. e. caused by oral administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, resulting from overgrowth of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or yeasts and fungi, when the normal fecal Gram-negative organisms are suppressed, resulting in diarrhea or pseudomembranous disease.
necrotizing e. extensive ulceration and necrosis of the ileum and colon in premature infants in the neonatal period; possibly due to perinatal intestinal ischemia and bacterial invasion.
pseudomembranous e. e. with the formation and passage of pseudomembranous material in the stools; occurs most commonly as a sequel to antibiotic therapy; caused by a necrolytic exotoxin made by Clostridium difficile.pseudomembranous colitis, pseudomembranous enteritis;
regional e. the changes of regional enteritis involving both the colon and the small intestine.
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Establishment of an artificial opening between the small intestine and the colon. [entero- + G. kolon, colon, + stoma, mouth]
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A cyst of the wall of the intestine.enterocystoma; [entero- + G. kystis, bladder]
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A hernia of both intestine and bladder wall. [entero- + G. kystis, bladder, + kele, hernia]
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enterocyst
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A genus in the protozoan phylum Microspora, all of which are obligate intracellular spore-forming parasites.
E. bieneusi agent of microsporidian infection, primarily infecting the small intestine, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It is the microsporidian most frequently reported in AIDS patients, where it has been implicated in chronic diarrhea and weight loss; suggested treatment has been with octreotide with albendazole. See also microsporidia.
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enteralgia [entero- + G. odyne, pain]
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Establishment of a new communication between two segments of intestine.enteroanastomosis, intestinal anastomosis;
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gastroenteritis [entero- + G. gaster, belly, + -itis, inflammation]
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A hormone, obtained from intestinal mucosa, that inhibits gastric secretion and motility; secretion of e. is stimulated by exposure of duodenal mucosa to dietary lipids.anthelone E, enteroanthelone;
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Of intestinal origin. [entero- + G. -gen, producing]
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An instrument designed for use in enterography.
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The making of a graphic record delineating the intestinal muscular activity. [entero- + G. grapho, to write]
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Inflammation of both the intestine and the liver. [entero- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + -itis, inflammation]
infectious e. histomoniasis
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Congenital umbilical hernia containing intestine and liver. See omphalocele. [entero- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + kele, hernia]
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Fevers due to infection caused by any of the intestinal bacteria, including the enteric fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid A and B) and the parenteric fevers. [entero- + G. eidos, resemblance]
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enteropeptidase
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Muscular contraction of the alimentary canal. See also peristalsis. [entero- + G. kinesis, movement]
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Relating to, or producing, enterokinesis.
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An intestinal calculus formed of layers of soaps and earthy phosphates surrounding a nucleus of some hard body such as a swallowed fruit stone or other indigestible substance. [entero- + G. lithos, stone]
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Presence of calculi in the intestine.
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The branch of medical science concerned especially with the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. logos, study]
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Division of intestinal adhesions. [entero- + G. lysis, dissolution]
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megaloenteron [entero- + G. megas, great]
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Vicarious menstruation due to presence of tissue sensitive to effects of estrogen/progesterone in the intestine. [entero- + G. emmenos, monthly]
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Rarely used term for femoral hernia. [entero- + G. meros, thigh, + kele, hernia]
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An instrument used in measuring the diameter of the intestine. [entero- + G. metron, measure]
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A genus of flagellate protozoa, one species of which, E. hominis, is found as a rare nonpathogenic resident in the human large intestine. [entero- + G. monas, monad]
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An intestinal disease of fungal origin. [entero- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]
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Rarely used term for a state of diminished or absent peristalsis with flaccidity of the muscles of the intestinal walls. [entero- + G. paresis, slackening, relaxation]
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An organism capable of producing disease in the intestinal tract.
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Capable of producing disease in the intestinal tract.
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An intestinal disease. [entero- + G. pathos, suffering]
gluten e. celiac disease
protein-losing e. increased fecal loss of serum protein, especially albumin, causing hypoproteinemia.
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An intestinal proteolytic glycoenzyme from the duodenal mucosa that converts trypsinogen into trypsin (removes a hexapeptide from trypsinogen).enterokinase;
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Fixation of a segment of the intestine to the abdominal wall. [entero- + G. pexis, fixation]
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Obsolete term for plastic surgery of the intestine. [entero- + G. plastos, formed]
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Rarely used term for adynamic ileus. [entero- + G. plege, stroke]
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Obsolete term for an instrument for use in effecting union of the divided ends of the intestine.
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Obsolete term for joining the divided ends of the intestine. [entero- + G. plexis, weaving]
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Rarely used term for the presence of an artifical anus, as by a colostomy. [entero- + G. proktos, anus]
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Abnormal descent of the intestines in the abdominal cavity, usually associated with falling of the other viscera. [entero- + G. ptosis, a falling]
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Relating to or suffering from enteroptosis.
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Relating to both the intestines and the kidneys.
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Bleeding within the intestinal tract. [entero- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]
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Suture of the intestine. [entero- + G. rhaphe, suture]
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Rarely used term for rupture of the gut or bowel. [entero- + G. rhexis, rupture]
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A speculum for inspecting the inside of the intestine in operative cases. [entero- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Sepsis occurring in or derived from the alimentary canal. [entero- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]
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Increased, irregular, and painful peristalsis. [entero- + G. spasmos, spasm]
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Intestinal stasis; a retardation or arrest of the passage of the intestinal contents.intestinal stasis; [entero- + G. stasis, a standing]
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Obsolete term for oozing of blood from the mucous membrane of the intestine. [entero- + G. staxis, a dripping]
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Narrowing of the lumen of the intestine. [entero- + G. stenosis, narrowing]
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An artificial anus or fistula into the intestine through the abdominal wall. [entero- + G. stoma, mouth]
double e. e. in which both proximal and distal openings of divided intestine are sutured to the abdomen wall.
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An instrument for incising the intestine, especially in the creation of an artificial anus. [entero- + G. tome, a cutting]
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Incision into the intestine.
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Acute, highly fatal diseases, chiefly of cattle and sheep, caused by toxins produced in the intestine by various types of Clostridium perfringens.milk colic; [entero- + toxemia]
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autointoxication
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Denoting an organism containing or producing a toxin specific for cells of the intestinal mucosa.
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A cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa.intestinotoxin;
cytotonic e. an e. which morphologically changes, but does not kill, the target cell.
Escherichia coli e. e. produced by certain strains (serotypes) of Escherichia coli, seemingly associated with a transferable plasmid.
staphylococcal e. a soluble exotoxin produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and a cause of food poisoning.
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autointoxication
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Attracted by or affecting the intestine. [entero- + G. tropikos, turning]
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A large and diverse group of viruses (family Picornaviridae) that includes poliovirus types 1 to 3, Coxsackievirus A and B, echoviruses, and the enteroviruses identified since 1969 and assigned type numbers. They are transient inhabitants of the alimentary canal and are stable at low pH.
porcine E. a picornavirus causing Teschen disease in swine.
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Relating to an enterozoon.
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An animal parasite in the intestine. [entero- + G. zoon, animal]
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Term used when the two higher ranking groups, attached to different carbon atoms in a carbon-carbon double bond, are on opposite sides of the double bond (hence, analogous to trans-). [Ger. opposite]
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Heat content, symbolized as H; a thermodynamic function, defined as E + PV, where E is the internal energy of a system, P the pressure, and V the volume; the heat of a reaction, measured at constant pressure, is DELTAH.heat (3); [G. enthalpein, to warm in]
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Obsolete term for the insertion of synthetic or other inorganic material to replace lost tissue. [G. an insertion, fr. en, in, + thesis, a placing]
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Traumatic disease occurring at the insertion of muscles where recurring concentration of muscle stress provokes inflammation with a strong tendency toward fibrosis and calcification. [G. enthetos, implanted, + -itis, inflammation]
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Denoting or characteristic of enthesopathy.
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A disease process occurring at the site of insertion of muscle tendons and ligaments into bones or joint capsules. [G. en, in, + thesis, a placing, + pathos, suffering]
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Obsolete term denoting both enthesis and exogenous.
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Depressed fracture of the skull. [G. a dent, fr. en, in, + thlao, to crush]
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Microconidia of certain dermatophytes arranged singly along both sides of a hypha. [Fr., fr. G. en-, in, + thyrsos, a stalk, wand]
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Having a smoothly continuous edge or border without indentations or projections; denoting a margin, as of a bacterial colony.
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An independent thing; that which contains in itself all the conditions essential to individuality; that which forms of itself a complete whole; medically, denoting a separate and distinct disease or condition. [L. ens (ent-), being, pres. p. of esse, to be]
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Inner, or within. See also endo-. [G. entos, within]
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1. Pertaining to entoderm. 2. Cell nucleolus. [ento- + G. blastos, germ]
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An internal hernia. [ento- + G. kele, hernia]
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choriocapillary layer [ento- + G. chorioeides, choroid]
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The mesiolingual cusp of a maxillary molar tooth. [ento- + G. konos, cone]
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The inner posterior cusp of a mandibular molar tooth. [ento- + G. konos, cone]
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posterior limiting layer of cornea
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endocranial
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endocranium
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endoderm [ento- + G. derma, skin]
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From within outward. [G. entos, within, + ektos, without, + L. ad, to]
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A species of mushroom capable of producing mycetismus gastrointestinalis.
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The tip of the mastoid angle of the parietal bone. [G. entome, notch]
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The science concerned with the study of insects. [G. entomon, insect, + logos, study]
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Morbid fear of insects. [G. entomon, insect, + phobos, fear]
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A disease caused by fungi of the genera Basidiobolus or Conididiobolus; tissues are invaded by broad nonseptate hyphae that become surrounded by eosinophilic material. A form of zygomycosis. See zygomycosis.rhinomucormycosis, rhinophycomycosis, subcutaneous phycomycosis; [Entomophthorales (order name) + G. mykes, fungus + -osis, condition]
e. basidiobo´lae a subcutaneous phycomycosis due to the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum, characterized by the development of flat, firm subcutaneous fibrotic granulomas which do not ulcerate; occasionally, lesions may extend to muscles and lymph nodes and other deep tissues; the disease is found in Indonesia and in Uganda and other tropical African countries, but has not been seen in tropical America. A form of zygomycosis.
e. conidiobo´lae a zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus, characterized by large nasal polyps and granulomas of the nasal cavity; it has been reported from Texas, the West Indies, Zaire, Nigeria, and other African states, Colombia, and Brazil. A form of zygomycosis.
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Placed within; occurring or situated in the normal place; opposed to ectopic. [G. en, within, + topos, place]
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endoplasm
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Within the eyeball. Often used to describe visual phenomena generated by mechanical or electrical stimulations of the retina. [ento- + G. optikos, relating to vision]
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The layers of the retina from the outer plexiform to the nerve fiber layer inclusive.Henle's nervous layer;
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endosarc
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A nontaxonomic name for the branch of the kingdom Animalia, whose members possess a digestive cavity or tract; includes all vertebrates and higher invertebrate forms. [ento- + G. zoon, animal]
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Relating to entozoa.
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An animal parasite whose habitat is any of the internal organs or tissues. [ento- + G. zoon, animal]
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The viscera of an animal.
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1. Inversion or turning inward of a part. 2. The infolding of the margin of an eyelid. [G. en, in, + trope, a turning]
atonic e. e. that follows loss of tone of the orbicularis oculi muscle or elasticity of the skin.
cicatricial e. e. that follows scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva.
spastic e. e. that arises from excessive contracture of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
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To invert a part.
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That fraction of heat (energy) content not available for the performance of work, usually because (in a chemical reaction) it has been used to increase the random motion of the atoms or molecules in the system; thus, e. is a measure of randomness or disorder. E. occurs in the Gibbs free energy (G) equation: DELTAG = DELTAH-TDELTAS (DELTAH, change in enthalpy or heat content; T, absolute temperature; DELTAS, change in entropy). See also second law of thermodynamics. [G. entropia, a turning towards]
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A type of gastrulation seen in some early mammalian embryos in which the endoderm covers the embryonic and amniotic ectoderm; part of the preplacental trophoblast may also be covered. [G. entype, pattern]
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To remove entirely; to shell like a nut, as in the removal of an eye from its capsule or a tumor from its enveloping capsule.
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1. Removal of an entire structure (such as an eyeball or tumor), without rupture, as one shells the kernel of a nut. 2. Removal or destruction of the nucleus of a cell. [L. enucleo, to remove the kernel, fr. e, out, + nucleus, nut, kernel]
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Urinary incontinence; may be intentional or involuntary but not due to a physical disorder. [G. en-oureo, to urinate in]
diurnal e. urinary accidents during wakefulness.
nocturnal e. urinary incontinence during sleep.bed-wetting;
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In anatomy, a structure that encloses or covers.
corneocyte e. an electron-dense, 10-15 nm thick layer of highly cross-linked protein on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane of epidermal corneocytes; it is highly resistant to proteolytic agents.subplasmalemmal dense zone;
nuclear e. the double membrane at the boundary of the nucleoplasm; it has regularly spaced pores covered by a disklike nuclear pore complex and a space or cisterna about 150 Å wide between the two layers; the outer membrane is continuous at intervals with the endoplasmic reticulum.caryotheca, karyotheca, nuclear membrane;
viral e. the outer structure that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses; may contain host material.
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The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine, bite, or other venom apparatus.
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The milieu; the aggregate of all of the external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism. It can be divided into physical, biological, social, cultural, etc., any or all of which can influence the health status of the population. [Fr. environ, around]
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One's feeling of discontent or jealousy resulting from comparison with another person.
penis e. the psychoanalytic concept in which a female envies male characteristics or capabilities, especially the possession of a penis.
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Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal population in which the disease occurs with predictable regularity with only relatively minor fluctuations in its frequency over time. See epizootic, sporadic. Cf. epizootic, sporadic. endemic (2); [G. en, in, + zoon, animal]
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Derived from a single fertilized ovum; denoting twins so derived. [G. eis (en), one, + zygote]
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Relating to an enzyme.enzymic;
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A protein that acts as a catalyst to induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged by the process. E.'s, with the exception of those discovered long ago (e.g., pepsin, emulsin), are generally named by adding -ase to the name of the substrate on which the e. acts (e.g., glucosidase), the substance activated (e.g., hydrogenase), and/or the type of reaction (e.g., oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, ligase or synthetase-these being the six main groups in the Enzyme Nomenclature Recommendations of the International Union of Biochemistry). For individual enzymes not listed below, see the specific name.organic catalyst (1); [G. + L. en,, in, + zyme, leaven]
acetyl-activating e. acetyl-CoA ligase
acyl-activating e. 1. long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 2. butyrate-CoA ligase
adaptive e. induced e
allosteric e. an e. that exhibits the property of allosterism.
amino acid activating e. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
angiotensin-converting e. (ACE) a hydrolase responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoactive angiotensin II by removal of a dipeptide (histidylleucine) from angiotensin I. Drugs that inhibit ACE are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.
antitumor e. an e. that stimulates the degradation of a particular metabolite that cannot be synthesized by tumor cells, inhibits the synthesis of a metabolite needed by tumor cells, or inhibits tumor-specific DNA utilization; e.g., asparaginase.
autolytic e. an e. capable of causing lysis of the cell forming it.
branching e. 1,4-a-d-glucan branching enzyme
beta-carotene cleavage e. beta-carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase
citrate cleavage e. ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase
cold sensitive e. an e. that loses its stability as the temperature is lowered.
condensing e. citrate synthase
constitutive e. an e. that is constantly produced by the cell regardless of the growth conditions. Cf. induced e.
cooperative e. an e. that exhibits the property of cooperativity.
D e. 4-a-d-glucanotransferase
deamidizing e.'s amidohydrolases
deaminating e.'s deaminases
debranching e.'s e.'s that bring about destruction of branches in glycogen; formerly considered to be one enzyme, now known to be a mixture of transferases (4-a-d-glucanotransferase) and hydrolases (amylo-1,6-glucosidase).debranching factors;
digestive e.'s 1. e.'s that are utilized in the digestive system; 2. e.'s that are hydrolases of macromolecules (e.g., amylases, proteinases).
disproportionating e. 4-a-d-glucanotransferase
extracellular e. an e. performing its functions outside a cell; e.g., the various digestive e.'s.exoenzyme, lyoenzyme;
heat-stable e. thermostable e
hydrolyzing e.'s hydrolases
immobilized e. an e. that has been bound, usually covalently, to an insoluble organic or inorganic matrix or has been encapsulated.
induced e. , inducible e. an e. that can be detected in a growing culture of a microorganism, after the addition of a particular substance (inducer) to the culture medium, but was not detectable prior to the addition and can act on the inducer. A prototype is the beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli, synthesized upon the addition of various galactosides, whether or not these are good substrates. Cf. constitutive e. adaptive e;
intracellular e. an e. that performs its functions within the cell that produces it; most e.'s are intracellular e.'s.endoenzyme;
Kornberg e. DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli.
malate-condensing e. malate synthase
malic e. malate dehydrogenase
marker e. an e. that is used to identify a specific cell type, cell organelle, or cell component.
membrane e. an e. present or embedded in a biomembrane.
methionine-activating e. methionine adenosyltransferase
new yellow e. the d-amino-acid oxidase found in yeast, a flavoenzyme, which contains FAD as coenzyme instead of FMN as does NADPH dehydrogenase; so-called to distinguish it from Warburg's old yellow e. Cf. amino acid oxidases.
old yellow e. NADPH dehydrogenase
P e. phosphorylase
pantoate-activating e. pantothenate synthetase
phosphorylase-rupturing e. (PR e.) phosphorylase phosphatase
photoreactivating e. (PR e.) deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase
PR e. abbreviation for phosphorylase-rupturing e.; photoreactivating e.
Q e. 1,4-a-glucan branching e. in plants.
R e. a-dextrin endo-1,6-a-glucosidase
reducing e. reductase
repair e. an e. that can catalyze the repair of damaged DNA; e.g., DNA ligase.
repressible e. an e. that is produced continuously unless production is repressed by excess of an inhibitor (corepressor). See also inactive repressor.
respiratory e. one of those e.'s in tissues that is a part of an oxidation-reduction system accomplishing the conversion of substrates to CO2 and H2O and the transfer of the electrons removed to O2.
restriction e. restriction endonuclease
RNA e. ribozyme
Schardinger e. xanthine oxidase
splitting e.'s e.'s that, like aldolases, catalyze the conversion of a molecule into two smaller molecules without the addition or subtraction of any atoms.
T e. 1,4-a-d-glucan 6-a-d-glucosyltransferase.
terminal addition e. DNA nucleotidylexotransferase
thermostable e. an e. that is not readily subject to destruction or alteration by heat.heat-stable e;
thiol e. an e. whose activity depends on a free thiol group.
transferring e.'s transferases
Warburg's old yellow e. NADPH dehydrogenase See also new yellow e., yellow e.
Warburg's respiratory e. Atmungsferment
yellow e. flavoenzyme See also Warburg's old yellow e., new yellow e.
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See EC.
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enzymatic
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A specialist in enzymology.
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The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and actions of enzymes. [enzyme + G. logos, study]
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1. The splitting or cleavage of a substance into smaller parts by means of enzymatic action. 2. Lysis by the action of an enzyme. [enzyme + G. lysis, dissolution]
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Any disturbance of enzyme function, including genetic deficiency or defect in specific enzymes. [enzyme + G. pathos, disease]
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Abbreviation for electro-oculography; electro-olfactogram.
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A derivative of fluorescein used as a fluorescent acid dye for cytoplasmic stains and counterstains in histology and in Romanovsky-type blood stains. [G. eos, dawn]
alcohol-soluble e. ethyl e
e. B the disodium salt of 4´,5´-dibromo-2´,7´-dinitrofluorescein.acid red 91, e. I bluish; [C.I. 45400]
ethyl e. See ethyl e.alcohol-soluble e;
e. I bluish e. B
e. y , e. Ys the disodium salt of 2´,4´,5´,7´-tetrabromofluorescein.acid red 87, e. yellowish; [C.I. 45380]
e. yellowish e. y
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eosinophilic leukocyte
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The presence of eosinophils in an abnormally small number in the peripheral bloodstream.hypoeosinophilia; [eosino(phil) + G. penia, poverty]
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eosinophilic leukocyte [eosin + G. philos, fond]
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eosinophilic leukocytosis
simple pulmonary e. pulmonary infiltrates seen as transient migratory shadows on the chest x-ray, accompanied by blood e.; often symptomless, but there may be cough, fever, and breathlessness; most cases are due to worm infestation, especially by Ascaris lumbricoides; a few cases follow administration of drugs.Löffler's syndrome (1);
tropical e. e. associated with cough and asthma, caused by occult filarial infection without evidence of microfilaremia, occurring most frequently in India and Southeast Asia.
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Staining readily with eosin dyes; denoting such cell or tissue elements.
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Presence of eosinophils in the urine.
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Exerting a force of attraction or repulsion on eosinophile cells. [eosino(phile) + G. taktikos, in orderly arrangement]
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Movement of eosinophils with reference to a stimulus which attracts or repels them.
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Morbid dread of the dawn. [G. eos, dawn, + phobos, fear]
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Abbreviation for endogenous pyrogens.
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supernumerary [G. epaktos, imported, fr. epago, to bring on or in]
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Upon or above the amnion. [G. epi, upon, + amnion]
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Pain and soreness from overuse or unaccustomed use of a part, as a joint or muscle.epersalgia; [G. epairo, to lift up, + algos, pain]
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Upon or superior to an artery. [G. epi, upon, + arteia, artery]
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Above or behind any axis, such as the spinal axis or the axis of a limb. [G. epi, upon, + L. axis, axis]
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Abbreviation for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
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The cellular membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the brain ventricles.endyma; [G. ependyma, an upper garment]
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Relating to the ependyma.
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Inflammation of the ependyma.
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An embryonic ependymal cell. [ependyma + G. blastos, germ]
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A glial neoplasm of the central nervous system, occurring typically in childhood; the prototype tumor cells resemble ependymoblasts. [ependymoblast + G. -oma, tumor]
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An ependymal cell. [ependyma + G. kytos, cell]
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A glioma derived from relatively undifferentiated ependymal cells, comprising approximately 1 to 3% of all intracranial neoplasms; e.'s occur in all age groups and may originate from the lining of any of the ventricles or, more commonly, from the central canal of the spinal cord; histologically, the neoplastic cells tend to be arranged radially about blood vessels, to which they are attached by means of fibrillary processes.
myxopapillary e. a slow-growing e. of the filum terminale, occurring most often in young adults, consisting of cuboidal cells in papillary arrangement around a mucinous vascular core.
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eparsalgia
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A genus of minute rickettsiae (family Bartonellaceae, order Rickettsiales) of animals occurring upon the surface of erythrocytes and in the plasma; they appear as rings, coccoids, and short rods when clustered on the surface of the red cells in stained films. Some species cause anemia and icterus. [G. epi, upon + erythros, red, + zoon, animal]
E. coccoi´des a species present in mice, but usually requiring splenectomy to reveal infections; rats and hamsters may be artificially infected; bloodsucking arthropods, especially lice, have been implicated as biological vectors, and mechanical transmission by bloodsucking flies has been demonstrated; the pathogenic effect is slight except when combined with other disease-producing agents.
E. o´vis a species found in sheep, rarely causing disease.
E. su´is a species that produces icterus and anemia in young pigs and icteroanemia of swine.
E. wenyo´ni a species found in cattle, rarely causing disease.
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Infection with any species of Eperythrozoon.
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A place where two or more nerve cell processes (axons, dendrites) touch without forming a typical synaptic contact; some form of neural transmission may occur at such nonsynaptic contact sites. [G. ephapsis, contact]
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Relating to an ephapse.
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Rarely used term relating to the period of puberty or to a youth. [G. ephebikos, relating to youth, fr. hebe, youth]
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Rarely used term for the study of the morphologic and other changes incidental to puberty. [G. ephebos, puberty, + logos, study]
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Ephedra equisetina (family Gnetaceae). Ma Huang; the plant source for the alkaloid ephedrine. Indigenous to China and India, it is 0.75 to over 1% ephedrine; also contains some pseudoephedrine.
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2-Methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol;an alkaloid from the leaves of Ephedra equisetina, E. sinica, and other species (family Gnetaceae), or produced synthetically; an adrenergic (sympathomimetic) agent with actions similar to those of epinephrine; used as a bronchodilator, mydriatic, pressor agent, and topical vasoconstrictor. Generally used salts are e. hydrochloride and e. sulfate.
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freckle [G.]
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Upon, following, or subsequent to. [G.]
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3beta-hydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one;inactive isomer (3beta instead of 3a) of androsterone; found in urine and in testicular and ovarian tissue.isoandrosterone;
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A toxic alkaloid extracted from the venom of a South American frog, Epipedobates tricolor. The venom has been used as an arrow poison by native hunters; exerts analgesia by a mechanism other than activation of opiate receptors or cyclooxygenase inhibition.
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Gives rise to ectoderm and mesoderm. The mesoderm then displaces the hypoblast cells and forms the entodermal cell layer on its inner surface. [epi- + G. blastos, germ]
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Relating to epiblast.
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A congenital horizontal skin fold near the margin of the eyelid, caused by abnormal insertion of muscle fibers. In the upper lid, it simulates blepharochalasis; in the lower lid, it causes a turning inward of the lashes. [epi- + G. blepharon, eyelid]
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1. A process involved in gastrulation of telolecithal eggs in which, as a result of differential growth, some of the cells of the protoderm move over the surface toward the lips of the blastopore. 2. Growth of epithelium in an organ culture to surround the underlying mesenchymal tissue. [G. epibole, a throwing or laying on]
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Upon a bulb of any kind; specifically, upon the eyeball.
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epicanthal fold [epi- + G. kanthos, canthus]
e. inver´sus a crescentic upward fold of skin from the lower eyelid at the inner canthus; frequent in congenital blepharoptosis.
e. palpebra´lis e. arising from the upper lid above the tarsal portion and extending to the lower portion of the orbit.
e. supracilia´ris e. arising from the region of the eyebrows and extending toward the tear sac.
e. tarsa´lis e. arising from the tarsal fold and disappearing in the skin close to the inner canthus.
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The portion of the esophagus from where it passes through the diaphragm to the stomach. [epi- + G. kardia, heart]
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1. Relating to the epicardia. 2. Relating to the epicardium.
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visceral layer of serous pericardium [epi- + G. kardia, heart]
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On the dorsal side of the notochord; applicable particularly to that part of the brain developing dorsal to the cephalic part of the notochord. [epi- + G. chorde, a chord]
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Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic related to penicillin; an antibacterial.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is joined to the larger autosite at the top of the head. See conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. kome, hair of the head]
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Pain in an epicondyle of the humerus or in the tendons or muscles originating therefrom. [epicondyle + G. algos, pain]
e. exter´na tennis elbow
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A projection from a long bone near the articular extremity above or upon the condyle.epicondylus [NA]; [epi- + G. kondylos, a knuckle]
lateral e. of femur the e. located proximal to the lateral condyle.epicondylus lateralis ossis femoris [NA], lateral femoral tuberosity;
lateral e. of humerus the e. situated at the lateral side of the distal end of the bone.epicondylus lateralis humeri [NA];
medial e. of femur the e. located proximal to the medial condyle.epicondylus medialis ossis femoris [NA], medial femoral tuberosity;
medial e. of humerus the e. situated proximal and medial to the condyle.epicondylus medialis humeri [NA], epitrochlea;
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Plural of epicondylus.
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epicondylic
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Relating to an epicondyle or to the part above a condyle.epicondylian;
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Infection or inflammation of an epicondyle.
lateral humeral e. tennis elbow
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epicondyle [L.]
e. latera´lis hu´meri [NA] lateral epicondyle of humerus
e. latera´lis os´sis fem´oris [NA] lateral epicondyle of femur
e. media´lis hu´meri [NA] medial epicondyle of humerus
e. media´lis os´sis fem´oris [NA] medial epicondyle of femur
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Upon or above the coracoid process.
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Relating to the epicranium.
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The muscle, aponeurosis, and skin covering the cranium. [epi- + G. kranion, skull]
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A secondary crisis; a crisis terminating a recrudescence of morbid symptoms following a primary crisis.
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That aspect of somatic sensation which permits the discrimination and the topographical localization of the finer degrees of touch and temperature stimuli. Cf. protopathic. [G. epikritikos, adjudicatory, fr. epi, on, + krino, to separate, judge]
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Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the bladder. [epi- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]
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A cell membrane, especially of protozoa; the external layer of cytoplasm in gregarines. [epi- + G. kytos, cell]
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The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy; the word also is used to describe outbreaks of disease in animals or plants. Cf. endemic, sporadic. [epi- + G. demos, the people]
behavioral e. an e. originating in behavioral patterns (in contrast to invading microorganisms); examples include medieval dancing mania, episodes of crowd panic.
outbreak e. localized epidemic.
point e. an e. where a pronounced clustering of cases of disease occurs within a very short period of time (within a few days or even hours) due to exposure of persons or animals to a common source of infection such as food or water.
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The state of prevailing disease in epidemic form.
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A descriptive treatise of epidemic diseases or of any particular epidemic. [G. epidemios, epidemic, + graphe, a writing]
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An investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions, states, or events in specified populations; one who practices epidemiology; the control of disease is usually also considered to be a task of the epidemiologist.
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The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems. [G. epidemios, epidemic, + logos, study] The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in human and other animal populations. Epidemiological studies involve surveillance, observation, hypothesis-testing, and experiment. Distribution is established by analyzing the time, place, and class of person affected by a disease. Determinants may include physical, biological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors. Epidemiological methods are most commonly applied to the study of disease; however, they also may be used to examine causes of death (e.g., homicides of various sorts) or behaviors (e.g., tobacco or alcohol use, practice of safe sex, use of health services). Epidemiology plays a key role in formulation and implementation of public health policy.
clinical e. the field concerned with applying epidemiological principles in a clinical setting.Whereas classical epidemiology studies populations in an attempt to assess causes and distribution of disease and to formulate statistical measures of risk, clinical epidemiology focuses on medically defined populations (patients).
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epidermis
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Relating to the epidermis.epidermic;
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squamous metaplasia
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Rarely used term for skin grafting by means of strips or small patches of epidermis with the underlying outer layer of the corium. [epidermis + G. plastos, formed]
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epidermal
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epidermosis
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1. The superficial epithelial portion of the skin (cutis). The e. of the palms and soles has the following strata: stratum corneum (horny layer), stratum lucidum (clear layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer), and stratum basale (basal cell layer); in other parts of the body, the stratum lucidum may be absent. 2. In botany, the outermost layer of cells in leaves and the young parts of plants.cuticle (3), cuticula (2), epiderm, epiderma; [G. epidermis, the outer skin, fr. epi, on, + derma, skin]
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Inflammation of the epidermis or superficial layers of the skin.
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1. Rarely used term for skin grafting. 2. Rarely used term for the covering of an area with epidermis.
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Faulty growth or development of the epidermis. [epidermis + G. dys-, bad, + plasis, a molding]
e. verrucifor´mis [MIM*226400] numerous flat warts on the hands and feet, in patients with inherited defects in cell-mediated immunity and increased susceptibility to human papilloma virus infections; skin carcinoma sometimes develops. The genetic component in the etiology is suspect, but is, if anything, autosomal recessive.
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1. Resembling epidermis. 2. A cholesteatoma or other cystic tumor arising from aberrant epidermal cells. [epidermis + G. eidos, appearance]
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A condition in which the epidermis is loosely attached to the corium, readily exfoliating or forming blisters. [epidermis + G. lysis, loosening]
e. bullo´sa [MIM*131800] a group of inherited chronic noninflammatory skin diseases in which large bullae and erosions result from slight mechanical trauma; a dominant form localized on the hands and feet is also called Weber-Cockayne syndrome.mechanobullous disease;
e. bullosa, dermal type e. bullosa dystrophica
e. bullo´sa dystroph´ica [MIM*131705] a form of e. bullosa in which scarring develops after separation of the entire epidermis with blistering; it is inherited as a dominant (appearing in infancy or childhood) or recessive (present at birth or appearing in early infancy) trait, the latter including lethal and nonlethal types.dermolytic bullous dermatosis, e. bullosa, dermal type;
e. bullosa, epidermal type (bu´lo-sa) e. bullosa simplex
e. bullosa, junctional type e. bullosa lethalis
e. bullo´sa letha´lis e. bullosa in which the bullae are persistent, nonhealing, and often present in the oral mucosa and trachea, but not on the palms and soles, leading to death.e. bullosa, junctional type, Herlitz syndrome;
e. bullo´sa sim´plex [MIM*131900] e. bullosa in which lesions heal rapidly without scarring and there is separation through the cytoplasm of basal epidermal cells; occurs most frequently on the feet in adults after unaccustomed trauma such as long marches; autosomal dominant inheritance.e. bullosa, epidermal type;
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A genus of fungi, separated by Sabouraud from Trichophyton on the basis that it never invades the hair follicles, whose macroconidia are clavate and smooth-walled. The only species, E. floccosum, is an anthropophilic species that is a common cause of tinea pedis and tinea cruris. [epidermis + G. phyton, plant]
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A skin disease affecting only the epidermis.epidermidosis;
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Movement towards the epidermis, as in the migration of T lymphocytes into the epidermis in mycosis fungoides. [epidermis + G. trope, a turning]
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Obsolete term for dehiscence of the pigmentary layer of the iris. [epi- + G. dialysis, a separation]
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A projector by which images are reflected by a mirror through a lens, or lenses, onto a screen, using reflected light for opaque objects and transmitted light for translucent or transparent ones.overhead projector; [epi- + G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]
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Relating to the epididymis.
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Operative removal of the epididymis. [epididymis + G. ektome, excision]
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An elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis, consisting of the head of the epididymis, body of epididymis, and tail of epididymis, which turns sharply upon itself to become the ductus deferens; the main component is the very convoluted duct of the epididymis which in the tail and the beginning of the ductus deferens is a reservoir for spermatozoa. The e. transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and ductus deferens (vas deferens).parorchis; [Mod. L. fr. G. epididymis, fr. epi, on, + didymos, twin, in pl. testes]
ca´put e. head of epididymis
cau´da e. tail of epididymis
cor´pus e. body of e.
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Inflammation of the epididymis.
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Simultaneous inflammation of both epididymis and testis. [epididymis + G. orchis, testis]
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Surgical repair of the epididymis. [epididymis + G. plastos, formed]
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Incision into the epididymis, as in preparation for epididymovasostomy or for drainage of purulent material. [epididymis + G. tome, a cutting]
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Surgical removal of the epididymis and vas deferens, usually proximal to its entry into the inguinal canal. [epididymis + vasectomy]
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Surgical anastomosis of the vas deferens to the epididymis. [epididymis + vasostomy]
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Upon (or outside) the dura mater.peridural;
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Radiographic visualization of the epidural space following the regional instillation of a radiopaque contrast medium.
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See estriol.
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Upon the surface of a fascia, denoting a method of injecting drugs in which the solution is put on the fascia lata instead of injected into the substance of the muscle.
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Pain in the epigastric region. [epigastrium + G. algos, pain]
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Relating to the epigastrium.
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epigastric region, epigastric region [G. epigastrion]
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller parasite is attached to the larger autosite in the epigastric region. See conjoined twins, under twin.
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Obsolete term for a hernia in the epigastric region. [epigastrium + G. kele, hernia]
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1. Development of offspring from a zygote. Cf. preformation theory. 2. Regulation of the expression of gene activity without alteration of genetic structure. [epi- + G. genesis, creation]
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Relating to epigenesis.
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Relating to the epiglottis.
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Excision of the epiglottis. [epiglottis + G. ektome, excision]
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epiglottitis
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A leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which serves as a diverter valve over the superior aperture of the larynx during the act of swallowing; it stands erect when liquids are being swallowed, but is passively bent over the aperture by solid foods being swallowed. [G. epiglottis, fr. epi, on, + glottis, the mouth of the windpipe]
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Inflammation of the epiglottis, which may cause respiratory obstruction, especially in children; frequently due to infection by Haemophilus influenzae type b.epiglottiditis;
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller, incomplete parasite is attached to the larger autosite at the lower jaw. See conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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Above the hyoid arch.
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Upon the hyoid bone; denoting certain accessory thyroid glands lying above the geniohyoid muscle.
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Modification of refractive error by application of a donor cornea to the anterior surface of the patient's cornea from which epithelium has been removed.epikeratophakic keratoplasty; [epi- + G. keras, horn, + phakos, lens]
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A contact lens attached to the corneal stroma to replace the epithelium. [epi- + G. keras, horn, + prosthesis, an addition]
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Upon or above a basement membrane. [epi- + L. lamella, dim. of lamina, a thin metal plate]
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To extract a hair; to remove the hair from a part by forcible extraction, electrolysis, or loosening at the root by chemical means. Cf. depilate. [L. e, out, + pilus, a hair]
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The act or result of removing hair.depilation;
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1. Having the property of removing hair; relating to epilation.depilatory (1), psilotic (2); See also decalvant. 2. depilatory (2)
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The connective tissue sheath of nerve fibers near their termination. [epi- lemma, husk]
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A tumor resulting from hyperplasia of tissue derived from the true epiblast. [epi- + G. lepis, rind, + -oma, tumor]
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epilepsy [G.]
e. partia´lis contin´ua 1. a form of epilepsy marked by repetitive clonic muscular contractions with or without major convulsions; 2. simple partial motor status epilepticus of the rolandic cortex, often with myoclonic features; 3. a seizure type seen commonly with Rasmussen Syndrome.Kojewnikoff's epilepsy;
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A chronic disorder characterized by paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to excessive neuronal discharge, and usually associated with some alteration of consciousness. The clinical manifestations of the attack may vary from complex abnormalities of behavior including generalized or focal convulsions to momentary spells of impaired consciousness. These clinical states have been subjected to a variety of classifications, none universally accepted to date and, accordingly, the terminologies used to describe the different types of attacks remain purely descriptive and nonstandardized; they are variously based on 1) the clinical manifestations of the seizure (motor, sensory, reflex, psychic or vegetative), 2) the pathological substrate (hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, neoplastic, traumatic, or cryptogenic), 3) the location of the epileptogenic lesion (rolandic, temporal, diencephalic regions), and 4) the time of life at which the attacks occur (nocturnal, diurnal, menstrual, etc.).convulsive state, epilepsia, falling sickness, fit (3), status convulsivus; [G. epilepsia, seizure]
anosognosic e. epilepsy characterized by attacks of which the person is unaware.anosognosic seizures;
automatic e. psychomotor e
autonomic e. episodes of autonomic dysfunction presumably due to diencephalic irritation.diencephalic e., vasomotor e., vasovagal e;
benign childhood e. with centrotemporal spikes a specific epilepsy syndrome beginning in childhood and remitting in adolescence, characterized by nocturnal simple partial motor seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EEG shows centrotemporal spikes that are activated by sleep and an otherwise normal EEG background.
centrencephalic e. an imprecise term referring to e. characterized electroencephalographically by bilateral synchronous discharges, and clinically by absence or generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
childhood absence e. a generalized e. syndrome characterized by the onset of absence seizures in childhood, typically at age six or seven years. There is a strong genetic predisposition and girls are affected more often than boys. EEG reveals generalized 3 Hz spike-wave activity on a normal background. Prognosis for remission is good if the patient does not also have generalized tonic-clonic seizures. See also absence.petit mal e., pyknolepsy;
childhood e. with occipital paroxysms a benign e. syndrome characterized by frequent occipital spikes often activated by eye closure. It has a seizure semiology that includes visual manifestations; not always remitting later in life.
complex precipitated e. a form of reflex e. initiated by specialized sensory stimuli, e.g., certain visual patterns.
cortical e. focal e
cryptogenic e. generalized tonic-clonic seizure
diencephalic e. autonomic e
early posttraumatic e. seizures beginning within one week after severe head injury.
eating e. epileptic, often generalized, seizures provoked by eating; a type of reflex e.
focal e. e. of various etiologies characterized by focal seizures or secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ictal symptoms are often related to the brain region where the seizure begins focally.cortical e., local e., partial e;
frontal lobe e. a localization-related e. with seizures originating in the frontal lobe. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact localization of seizures and clinical semiology of the seizure type. Frontal lobe epilepsies have been divided into several specific syndromes including the syndrome of supplementary motor seizures, cingulate seizures, anterior frontal polar region seizures, orbital frontal seizures, dorsolateral seizures, opercular seizures, and seizures of the motor cortex.
generalized e. a major category of e. syndromes characterized by one or more types of generalized seizures.
generalized tonic-clonic e. generalized tonic-clonic seizure
grand mal e. older term for e. characterized by generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
idiopathic e. 1. an e. without evident cause; term often used to describe the genetic e.'s; 2. generalized tonic-clonic seizure
intractable e. e. not adequately controlled by medication.pharmacoresistent e;
jacksonian e. Jacksonian seizure
juvenile absence e. a generalized e. syndrome with onset around puberty, characterized by absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EEG often shows a greater than 3 Hz generalized spike wave pattern.
juvenile myoclonic e. an e. syndrome typically beginning in early adolescence, and characterized by early morning myoclonic jerks that may progress into a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. A genetic disorder: some families have had gene linkage to chromosome-6. The EEG is characterized by generalized polyspike and wave discharges at 4-6 Hz.
Kojewnikoff's e. epilepsia partialis continua
laryngeal e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by coughing.
local e. focal e
localization related e. myoclonus e
major e. generalized tonic-clonic seizure
masked e. a form of e. characterized by a paroxysmal disturbance, such as headache or vomiting, associated with an epileptic electroencephalographic pattern.
matutinal e. a form of e. which occurs on awakening.
myoclonic astatic e. a petit mal variant characterized by atonic (drop attacks) and tonic or tonic-clonic attacks in neurologically disabled (hemiplegic, ataxic, etc.) children with mental retardation; characterized in EEG by 2/sec spike and wave discharges; usually progresses in spite of medication.
myoclonus e. [MIM*159800] a clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes, some benign, some progressive. Many are hereditary with mendelian and nonmendelian mitochondrial inheritance. All are characterized by the occurrence of myoclonus, which may be limited or predominate in the condition. Specific syndromes include cherry red spot myoclonus syndrome, ceroid lipofuscinosis, myoclonic e. with ragged red fibers, and Baltic myoclonus.localization related e;
nocturnal e. an e. syndrome characterized by nocturnal seizures only.
occipital lobe e. a localization-related e. where seizures originate from the occipital lobe. Symptoms commonly include visual abnormalities during seizures.
parietal lobe e. a localization-related e. where seizures originate within the parietal lobe. Seizure semiology may involve abnormalities of sensation.
partial e. focal e
pattern sensitive e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by viewing certain patterns.
petit mal e. childhood absence e
pharmacoresistent e. intractable e
photogenic e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by light.
posttraumatic e. a convulsive state following and causally related to head injury; with brain damage either manifested clinically or ascertained by special examinations such as computed tomography. To assume causal relationship, the individual must have had no previous epilepsy, no cerebral disease, and no other brain trauma. The attacks should have started, depending on the severity of the wounding, within 3 months to 2 years of the alleged trauma and be of a type compatible with the site of injury and the EEG abnormalities.
primary generalized e. e. without evidence of focal or multifocal central nervous system disease. Seizures are generalized from onset, both by EEG and clinical criteria. Often a pure genetic form of e. See also generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
procursive e. a psychomotor attack initiated by whirling or running.
psychomotor e. attacks with elaborate and multiple sensory, motor, and/or psychic components, the common feature being a clouding or loss of consciousness and amnesia for the event; clinical manifestations may take the form of automatisms; emotional outbursts of temper, anger or show of fear; motor or psychic disturbances; or may be related to any sphere of human activity. Electroencephalographically, the attack is characterized by spike discharges in the temporal lobe, especially in sleep. See also procursive e., visceral e., uncinate e.automatic e., psychomotor seizure;
reflex e. seizures which are induced by peripheral stimulation; e.g., audiogenic, laryngeal, photogenic, or other stimulation.sensory precipitated e;
rolandic e. a benign, autosomal, dominant form of e. occurring in children, characterized clinically by arrest of speech, by muscular contractions of the side of the face and arm and epileptic discharges electroencephalographically. [Luigi Rolando]
secondary generalized e. a group of e. syndromes of diverse etiologies with diffuse or multifocal cerebral involvement. Patients typically have a variety of generalized seizure types, including tonic, atonic, myoclonic, atypical absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Partial seizures may also occur. One classic syndrome is the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.symptomatic e;
sensory e. focal e. initiated by a somatosensory phenomenon.
sensory precipitated e. reflex e
sleep e. incorrect term for narcolepsy.
somnambulic e. postictal automatism in which the patient walks or runs about exhibiting natural behavior of which he or she has no subsequent remembrance.
startle e. a form of reflex e. precipitated by sudden noises.
supplementary motor area e. a localization-related epilepsy syndrome in which seizures originate from the supplementary motor area of the mesial frontal lobe. Typical seizure semiology includes sudden bilateral tonic movements, vocalization, and preservation of consciousness. Attacks are often nocturnal.
symptomatic e. secondary generalized e
temporal lobe e. a localization-related e. with seizures originating from the temporal lobe, most commonly the mesial temporal lobe. The most common pathology is hippocampal sclerosis.uncinate fit;
tonic e. an attack in which the body is rigid.
tornado e. a type of focal e. or partial seizure with an aura of severe vertigo and a feeling of being drawn up into space.
uncinate e. a form of psychomotor e. or complex partial seizure initiated by a dreamy state and hallucinations of smell and taste, usually the result of a medial temporal lesion.uncinate attack;
vasomotor e. autonomic e
vasovagal e. autonomic e
visceral e. e., usually psychomotor, in which the attacks are initiated by visceral symptoms or sensations; most cases have their focus in the temporal lobe.
e. with grand mal seizures on awakening generalized e. syndrome characterized by onset in the second decade of life, typically with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, of which most occur shortly after awakening (regardless of the time of day) and are exacerbated by sleep deprivation. There is a genetic predisposition and EEG shows one of several generalized patterns of interictal discharges; photosensitivity is common.
e. with myoclonic absences a form of generalized e. characterized by absence seizures, severe bilateral rhythmic clonic jerks often associated with tonic contraction, and an EEG 3 Hz spike and wave pattern. Age of onset is usually around seven years and males are more often affected.
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Relating to, characterized by, or suffering from epilepsy.
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epileptoid
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Causing epilepsy.
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Resembling epilepsy; denoting certain convulsions, especially of functional nature.epileptiform; [G. epilepsia, seizure, epilepsy, + eidos, resemblance]
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tuberous sclerosis [term coined by Sherloc (1911)]
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Upon the lower jaw. [epi- + L. mandibulum, mandible]
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Increasing steadily until an acme is reached, then declining; said of a fever. [G. epakmastikos, coming to a height]
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Term replacing "crithidial stage," to avoid confusion with the insect-parasitizing flagellates of the genus Crithidia. In the e. stage the flagellum arises from the kinetoplast alongside the nucleus and emerges from the anterior end of the organism; an undulating membrane is present. [epi- + G. mastix, whip]
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Prolonged and profuse menstruation occurring at any time, but most frequently at the beginning and end of menstrual life.
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Too frequent menstruation, occurring at any time, but particularly at the beginning and end of menstrual life.
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One of two molecules (having more than one chiral center) differing only in the spatial arrangement about a single chiral atom; e.g., a-d-glucose and a-d-galactose (with respect to carbon-4). See sugars. Cf. anomer. [epi- + G. meros, part]
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A class of enzymes catalyzing epimeric changes.
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The dorsal part of the myotome. See myotome (3) . [epi- + G. meros, part]
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The hooklike anchoring structure at the anterior end of a cephaline gregarine sporozoan; it is left embedded in tissues when the rest of the cephalont is freed in the lumen of the intestine of the invertebrate host. [epi- + G. meros, part]
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A microscope with a condenser built around the objective; used for the investigation of opaque, or only slightly translucent, minute specimens.opaque microscope;
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Regeneration of a part of an organism by growth at the cut surface. [epi- + G. morphe, shape]
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Incision of the sheath of a muscle. [epimysium + G. tome, a cutting]
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The fibrous connective tissue envelope surrounding a skeletal muscle.perimysium externum; [epi- + G. mys, muscle]
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4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol;a catecholamine that is the chief neurohormone of the adrenal medulla of most species. The l-isomer is the most potent stimulant (sympathomimetic) of adrenergic a- and beta-receptors, resulting in increased heart rate and force of contraction, vasoconstriction or vasodilation, relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and other metabolic effects; used in the treatment of bronchial asthma, acute allergic disorders, open-angle glaucoma, and heart block, and as a topical and local vasoconstrictor. Generally used salts are e. hydrochloride and e. bitartrate, the latter most frequently used in topical preparations.adrenaline; [epi- + G. nephros, kidney, + -ine]
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suprarenal gland [epi- + G. nephros, kidney]
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On a neural arch of a vertebra.
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Relating to the epineurium.
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The outermost supporting structure of peripheral nerve trunks, consisting of a condensation of areolar connective tissue; subdivided into those layers that surround the whole nerve trunk (epifascicular e.), and those layers which extend between the nerve fascicles (interfascicular e.). With the endoneurium and perineurium, the e. composes the peripheral nerve stroma. [epi- + G. neuron, nerve]
epifascicular e. the portion of the e. which surrounds the whole nerve trunk, in contrast to interfascicular e., which passes down between the nerve fascicles.
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Relating to epinosis.
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An imaginary feeling of illness following a real illness. [epi- + G. nosos, disease]
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eponychium
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One of the components of the otic capsule of some vertebrates; in the mammal the petrosal or petrous temporal bone incorporates the various otic elements seen in lower vertebrates. [epi- + G. ous, ear]
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1. Usable as a dusting powder. 2. A dusting powder. [G. epi-passo, to sprinkle over]
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Upon or about the pericardium.
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nasopharynx [G. epi, on, over, + pharynx]
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A symptom appearing during the course of a disease, not of usual occurrence, and not necessarily associated with the disease.
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An overflow of tears upon the cheek, due to imperfect drainage by the tear-conducting passages.tearing, watery eye (1); [G. a sudden flow, fr. epi, on, + phero, to bear]
atonic e. e. arising from weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
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Upon or above the diaphragm. [epi- + G. phren, diaphragm]
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Relating to an epiphysis.
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1. Premature union of the epiphysis with the diaphysis, resulting in cessation of growth. 2. An operative procedure that partially or totally destroys an epiphysis and may incorporate a bone graft to produce fusion of the epiphysis or premature cessation of its growth; generally undertaken to equalize leg length. [epiphysis + G. desis, binding]
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1. Loosening or separation, either partial or complete, of an epiphysis from the shaft of a bone. 2. Arrest of growth by ablation of the growth plate cartilage. [epiphysis + G. lysis, loosening]
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Any disorder of an epiphysis of the long bones. [epiphysis + G. pathos, suffering]
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A part of a long bone developed from a center of ossification distinct from that of the shaft and separated at first from the latter by a layer of cartilage. [G. an excrescence, fr. epi, upon, + physis, growth]
atavistic e. a bone that is independent phylogenetically but is now fused with another bone, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula.
e. cer´ebri pineal body
pressure e. a secondary center of ossification in the articular end of a long bone.
stippled e. dysplasia epiphysialis punctata
traction e. a secondary center of ossification at the site of attachment of a tendon.
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Inflammation of an epiphysis.
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On the pia mater.
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Omentum. See also omento-. [G. epiploon]
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Rarely used term for hernia of the omentum. [epiplo- + G. kele, hernia]
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omental
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greater omentum [G.]
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Obsolete synonym of omentopexy. [epiplo- + G. pexis, fixation]
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In the neighborhood of the pterion.
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Unequal conjoined twins in which the smaller, incomplete parasite is attached to the buttock of the larger autosite. See pygomelus, conjoined twins, under twin. [epi- + G. pyge, buttocks]
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6-deoxy-d-glucose;occurs in plants and bacteria in combination with diacylglycerol and is often sulfated (at C-6) in glycolipids.quinovose;
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The connective tissue between the sclera and the conjunctiva. [epi- + sclera]
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1. Upon the sclera. 2. Relating to the episclera.
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Inflammation of the episcleral connective tissue. See also scleritis.
e. multinodula´ris e. with numerous nodules near the corneoscleral limbus.
nodular e. e. with localized inflammation foci in episcleral tissues.
e. periodi´ca fu´gax diffuse transient e., with a tendency to recur at regular intervals.subconjunctivitis;
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The vulva. See also vulvo-. [G. episeion, pubic region]
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Repair of an incised or a ruptured perineum and lacerated vulva or repair of a surgical incision of the vulva and perineum. [episio- + G. perinaion, perineum, + rhaphe, a stitching]
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Plastic surgery of the vulva. [episio- + G. plastos, formed]
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Repair of a lacerated vulva or an episiotomy. [episio- + G. rhaphe, a stitching]
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Narrowing of the vulvar orifice. [episio- + G. stenosis, narrowing]
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Surgical incision of the vulva to prevent laceration at the time of delivery or to facilitate vaginal surgery. [episio- + G. tome, incision]
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An important event or series of events taking place in the course of continuous events e.g., an episode of depression.
acute schizophrenic e. acute schizophrenia
manic e. manifestation of a major mood disorder in which there is a distinct period during which the predominant mood of the individual is either elevated, expansive, or irritable, and there are associated symptoms of the excited or manic phase of the bipolar disorder. See affective disorders, under disorder, endogenous depression.
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An extrachromosomal element (plasmid) that may either integrate into the bacterial chromosome of the host or replicate and function stably when physically separated from the chromosome. [epi- + G. soma, body (chromosome)]
resistance-transferring e.'s resistance plasmids, under plasmid
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A malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis; frequently associated with estrophy of the bladder. [epi- + G. spadon a rent]
balanitic e. excessively proximal position of meatus on dorsum of glans penis.
coronal e. excessively proximal position of meatus in coronal sulcus.
penile e. proximal position of urethral meatus on the dorsum of the penile shaft.
penopubic e. position of the urethral meatus at junction of base of penis and lower abdominal wall.
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vesicant
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Upon the vertebral column or spinal cord, or upon any structure resembling a spine.
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Inflammation of the capsule of the spleen.
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1. The formation of a pellicle or scum on the surface of a liquid, especially as on standing urine. 2. Phenotypic interaction of non-allelic genes. 3. A form of gene interaction whereby one gene masks or interferes with the phenotypic expression of one or more genes at other loci; the gene whose phenotype is expressed is said to be "epistatic," while the phenotype altered or suppressed is then said to be "hypostatic".epistasy; [G. scum; epi- + G. stasis, a standing]
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epistasis
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Relating to epistasis.
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Profuse bleeding from the nose.nasal hemorrhage, nosebleed; [G. fr. epistazo, to bleed at the nose, fr. epi, on, + stazo, to fall in drops]
renal e. hematuria occurring without a detectable lesion.
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The study of knowledge and rules of evidence involved. Traditionally a branch of philosophy, it is now coming to be used also as a discipline incorporated in, and in some respects peculiar to, individual fields of scholarship (medicine, science, history, etc.).
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Love, especially excessive, of knowledge. [G. episteme, knowledge, + philos, fond]
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1. Over or on the sternum. 2. Relating to the episternum.
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manubrium of sternum [epi- + L. sternum, chest]
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axis (5) [G. the pivot]
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A fold of conjunctiva arising on the tarsal surface of the lid and losing itself in the skin close to the medial angle of the eye. [epi- + G. tarsos, flat mat, edge of eyelid]
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The growth of one crystal in one or more specific orientations on the substrate of another kind of crystal, with a close geometric fit between the networks in contact; seen in the alternating layers of different composition in stones from the kidney and gallbladder, indicating an abrupt change of composition during formation. [epi- + G. taxis, arrangement]
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The white fibrous sheath surrounding a tendon.epitenon; [L.]
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epitendineum
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17a-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one; 17a-epimer of testosterone;a biologically inactive steroid found in testes and ovaries; may be a metabolite of 4-androstene-3,17-dione and a precursor of 17a-estradiol.
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A small dorsomedial area of the thalamus corresponding to the habenula and its associated structures, the medullary stria, pineal body, and habenular commissure. [epi- + thalamus]
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Shedding of any surface epithelium, but especially of that lining the intestine. [epithelium + G. allaxis, exchange]
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Plural of epithelium.
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Relating to or consisting of epithelium.
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Formation of epithelium over a denuded surface.epithelization;
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An in vitro tissue culture epithelial cell. [epithelium + G. kytos, cell]
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tonofibril
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Relating to glandular epithelium.
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Resembling or having some of the characteristics of epithelium. [epithelium + G. eidos, resemblance]
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Destructive to epithelium.
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1. An epithelial neoplasm or hamartoma of the skin, especially of skin appendage origin. 2. A carcinoma of the skin derived from squamous, basal, or adnexal cells. [epithelium + G. -oma, tumor]
e. adenoi´des cys´ticum trichoepithelioma
basal cell e. basal cell carcinoma
Borst-Jadassohn type intraepidermal e. precancerous lesions clinically suggestive of actinic or seborrheic keratosis, with nests of immature or abnormal keratinocytes within the epidermis.
chorionic e. obsolete term for choriocarcinoma.
e. contagio´sum fowlpox
e. cunicula´tum verrucous carcinoma occurring uncommonly on the sole of the foot, forming a slowly growing warty mass that may invade deeply but which rarely metastasizes.
Malherbe's calcifying e. pilomatrixoma
malignant ciliary e. malignant hyperplasia of ciliary epithelium with frequent involvement of the pigmented layer.adult medulloepithelioma;
multiple self-healing squamous e. [MIM*132800] multiple skin tumors, most frequently on the head, each resembling a well-differentiated squamous carcinoma or keratoacanthoma; individual tumors resolve spontaneously after several months, leaving deep-pitted scars with irregular crenellated borders, and are usually replaced by additional new tumors; autosomal dominant inheritance.
sebaceous e. a benign tumor of the sebaceous gland epithelium in which small basaloid or germinative cells predominate.
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Pertaining to epithelioma.
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Disease involving epithelium. [epithelium + G. pathos, suffering]
pigment e. an acute disease manifested by rapid loss of vision, and multifocal, cream-colored placoid lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium; resolves with restoration of vision.
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Proliferation of epithelial cells, as seen in ducts of the breast in fibrocystic disease.
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Having an affinity for epithelium.
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Obsolete term for a skin lesion resulting from excessive irradiation. [epithelium + -ite]
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The purely cellular avascular layer covering all the free surfaces, cutaneous, mucous, and serous, including the glands and other structures derived therefrom. [G. epi, upon, + thele, nipple, a term applied originally to the thin skin covering the nipples and the papillary layer of the border of the lips]
anterior e. of cornea the stratified squamous e. covering the outer surface of the cornea; it is smooth, consists usually of five layers of cells, and contains numerous free nerve endings.e. anterius corneae [NA];
e. ante´rius cor´neae [NA] anterior e. of cornea
Barrett's e. columnar esophageal e. seen in Barrett's syndrome.
ciliated e. any e. having motile cilia on the free surface.
columnar e. e. formed of a single layer of prismatic cells taller than they are wide.cylindrical e;
crevicular e. the stratified squamous e. lining the inner aspect of the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus.sulcular e;
cuboidal e. simple e. with cells appearing as cubes in a vertical section but as polyhedra in surface view.
cylindrical e. columnar e
e. duc´tus semicircula´ris [NA] e. of semicircular duct
enamel e. the several layers of the enamel organ remaining on the enamel surface after formation of enamel is completed.reduced enamel e;
external dental e. , external enamel e. the cuboidal cells of the outer layer of the odontogenic organ of a developing tooth.
germinal e. a cuboidal layer of peritoneal e. covering the gonads, once thought to be the source of germ cells.
gingival e. a stratified squamous e. that undergoes some degree of keratinization and covers the free and attached gingiva.
glandular e. e. composed of secretory cells.
inner dental e. , inner enamel e. the columnar epithelial layer of enamel matrix, secreting ameloblasts, of the odontogenic organ of a developing tooth.
junctional e. a collar of epthelial cells attached to the tooth surface and subepithelial connective tissue found at the base of the gingival crevice.epithelial attachment;
laminated e. stratified e
e. of lens the layer of cuboidal cells lying on the anterior surface of the crystalline lens inside the lens capsule. At the equator the cells elongate and give rise to the lens fibers.e. lentis [NA];
e. lentis [NA] e. of lens
mesenchymal e. the flat e. derived from mesenchymal cells found lining certain connective tissue spaces such as the anterior chamber of eye, perilymph spaces in the ear, and subdural and subarachnoid spaces.
muscle e. myoepithelium
olfactory e. an e. of the pseudostratified type that contains olfactory, receptor, nerve cells whose axons extend to the olfactory bulb of the brain.
pavement e. simple squamous e
pigment e. e. composed of cells containing granules of pigment or melanin, as in the retinal or iris pigment layer.
pigment e. of optic retina pars pigmentosa See retina.
pseudostratified e. an e. that gives a superficial appearance of being stratified because the cell nuclei are at different levels, but in which all cells reach the basement membrane, hence it is classed as a simple e.
reduced enamel e. enamel e
respiratory e. the pseudostratified ciliated e. that lines the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi.
e. of semicircular duct the simple squamous e. of the semicircular ducts.e. ductus semicircularis [NA];
seminiferous e. the e. lining the convoluted tubules of the testis where spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis occur.
simple e. an e. having one layer of cells.
simple squamous e. e. composed of a single layer of flattened scalelike cells, such as mesothelium, endothelium, and that in the pulmonary alveoli.pavement e;
stratified e. a type of e. composed of a series of layers, the cells of each varying in size and shape. It is named more specifically according to the type of cells at the surface, e.g., stratified squamous e., stratified columnar e., stratified ciliated columnar e.laminated e;
stratified ciliated columnar e. an e. consisting of several layers of cells with the deeper cells being polyhedral in form and the surface ones columnar with motile cilia, such as that which lines the fetal esophagus.
stratified squamous e. an e. consisting of several layers of keratin containing cells in which the surface cells are flattened and scale-like and the deeper cells are polyhedral in form. Keratin filaments become progressively more abundant toward the surface, which on the dry surfaces of the body may consist of a layer of dead corneocytes.
sulcular e. crevicular e
surface e. 1. a layer of celomic epithelial cells covering the gonadal ridges as they are formed on the medial border of the mesonephroi near the root of the mesentery; 2. the mesothelial covering of the definitive ovary.
transitional e. a highly distensible pseudostratified e. with large polyploid superficial cells that are cuboidal in the relaxed state but broad and squamous in the distended state; occurs in the kidney, ureter, and bladder.
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epithelialization
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An external application, such as a poultice, but not a plaster or ointment. [G. epithema, a cover]
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1. Orthopedic correction of a deformed extremity. 2. A splint or other apparatus applied to an extremity. [epi- + G. tithemi, to place]
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Characterizing term or name. [G. epithetos, added, fr. epi- + tithemi, to place]
specific e. in bacteriology, the second part of the name of a species; it is not, by itself, a name; the name of a bacterial species consists of two parts, the generic name and the specific e.
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6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-{[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-thio]methyl}-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic.
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The simplest form of an antigenic determinant, on a complex antigenic molecule, which can combine with antibody or T cell receptor. [epi- + -tope]
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A toxoid that has less affinity for specific antitoxin than that manifested by the toxin.
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Relating to the epitrichium.
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periderm See dome cell. [epi- + G. trichion, dim. of thrix, (trich-), hair]
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medial epicondyle of humerus [epi- + L. trochlea, a pulley, block, contr. fr. G. trochilia]
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Relating to the epitrochlea.
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The occurrence of glandular swelling or pulmonary infiltration in an area near a focus of pulmonary tuberculosis or of enlarged bronchial glands.
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Above, or in the upper part of, the tympanic cavity or membrane.
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epitympanic recess
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Inflammation of tissues around or near the cecum. See appendicitis. [epi- + G. typhlon, cecum, + -itis, inflammation]
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Living as a parasite on the skin surface.
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epizootiology [epi- + G. zoon, animal, + logos, study]
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An animal parasite living on the body surface. [epi- + G. zoon, animal]
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1. Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurrence in an animal population in which the disease occurs with a frequency clearly in excess of the expected frequency in that population during a given time interval. 2. An outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population; often with the implication that it may also affect human populations. [epi- + G. zoon, animal]
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Epidemiology of disease in animal populations.epizoology; [epi- + G. zoon, animal, + logos, study]
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Rarely used term for the removal of all contaminated tissue in infected wounds. [F. picking, cleaning]
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O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothiolate;a sulfur-containing organophosphate-anticholinsterase used as an insecticide and acaricide.
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Recombinant human erythropoietin, a powerful stimulator of red blood cell synthesis. Often used in patients with anemia and in those undergoing renal transplants and AZT treatment.
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Infection involving the proximal nail fold.
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1. The thin, condensed, eleidin-rich layer of epidermis which procedes and initially covers the nail plate in the embryo. It normally degenerates by the eighth month except at the nail base where it remains as the cuticle of the nail. 2. [NA] The corneal layer of epidermis overlapping and in direct contact with the nail root proximally or the sides of the nail plate laterally, forming the undersurface of the nail wall or nail folds of nail.hidden nail skin, perionychium; 3. The thin skin adherent to the nail at its proximal portion.epionychium; [G. epi, upon, + onyx (onych-), nail]
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The name of a disease, structure, operation, or procedure, usually derived from the name of the person who discovered or described it first. [G. eponymos, named after]
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1. Relating to an eponym. 2. An eponym.
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Removal of the epoophoron. [G. epi, upon, + oophoros, bearing eggs, + ektome, excision]
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A collection of rudimentary tubules in the mesosalpinx between the ovary and the uterine tube; composed of two portions, the longitudinal duct of epoöphoron and the transverse ductules of epoöphoron, they are the vestiges of tubules of the middle portion of the mesonephros and the homologue of the aberrant ductules and proximal duct of epididymis in the male. See ductus epoöphori longitudinalis.corpus pampiniforme, organ of Rosenmüller, pampiniform body; [epi- + G. oophoros, egg-bearing]
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prostacyclin
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Referring to an outbreak of disease in a bird population. [epi- + G. ornithos, bird + -ic]
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Chemical term describing an oxygen atom bound to two linked carbon atoms Generally, any cyclic ether, but commonly applied to a 3-membered ring; specifically, a three-membered ring is an oxirane, a four-membered ring is an oxetane, a five-membered ring is an oxolane, and a six membered ring is an oxane; oxiranes are commonly produced from peracids acting on alkenes. E.'s are important chemical intermediates, and the basis of e. resins (polymers) formed from e. monomers.
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An oxirane derivative of squalene; a precursor to all of the steroids.
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Associate of Leonard S. Fosdick. See Fosdick-Hansen-E. test.
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Abbreviation for electron paramagnetic resonance.
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Abbreviation for exophthalmos-producing substance.
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Fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, epsi.
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Abbreviation for excitatory postsynaptic potential.
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Alois, German pediatrician, 1849-1918. See E.'s disease, pearls, under pearl, sign, symptom.
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Michael Anthony, English virologist, *1921. See E.-Barr virus.
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A nonspecific exophytic gingival mass. [G. epoulis, a gumboil]
congenital e. of newborn a congenital benign nodular tumor of the alveolar ridge, of unknown histogenesis; histologically, it is composed of large cells with a granular cytoplasm similar to that of a granular cell tumor (myoblastoma).
e. fissura´tum inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia
giant cell e. giant cell granuloma
e. gravida´rum a gingival pyogenic granuloma that develops during pregnancy.
pigmented e. melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
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A gingival mass that resembles an epulis.
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Abbreviation for equivalent.
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A statement expressing the equality of two things, usually with the use of mathematical or chemical symbols. [L. aequare, to make equal]
alveolar gas e. the e. defining the steady state relation of the alveolar oxygen pressure to the barometric pressure, inspired gas composition, alveolar carbon dioxide pressure, and respiratory exchange ratio; the e. is used in various forms depending upon which simplifying assumptions are acceptable for different applications.
Arrhenius e. an e. relating chemical reaction rate (k) to the absolute temperature (T) by the e.: d(ln k)/dT) = DELTAEa/RT2 where Ea is the activation energy and R is the universal gas constant.
Bohr's e. an e. to calculate the respiratory dead space from the fact that gas expired from the lungs is a mixture of gas from the dead space and gas from the alveoli, i.e., the dead space volume divided by the tidal volume equals the difference between alveolar and mixed expired gas composition, divided by the difference between alveolar and inspired gas composition; gas composition can be expressed in any consistent units of concentration or partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide.
chemical e. an e. on one side of which are the reactants and on the other side the products of a chemical reaction; the two halves may be separated by an equal sign or by arrows.
constant field e. Goldman e
Einthoven's e. Einthoven's law
Gay-Lussac's e. the overall chemical e. for alcoholic fermentation; C6H12O6 = 2CO2 + 2CH3CH2OH.
Gibbs-Helmholtz e. an e. expressing the relationship in a galvanic cell between the chemical energy transformed and the maximal electromotive force obtainable.
Goldman e. an e. derived to predict membrane potentials in terms of the membrane's permeability to ions and their concentrations on either side.constant field e., Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz e., GHK e;
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz e. , GHK e. Goldman e
Henderson-Hasselbalch e. a formula relating the pH value of a solution to the pKa value of the acid in the solution and the ratio of the acid and the conjugate base concentrations: pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]) where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base and [HA] is the concentration of the protonated acid. For the bicarbonate buffer system in blood, pH = pK´ + log ([HCO3-]/[CO2]. The value of pK´ for blood plasma is 6.10 and includes the first dissociation constant of H2CO3, the relation between [H2CO3] and [CO2] and other corrections. The partial pressure of CO2 multiplied by its solubility in plasma at 38°C (0.0301 mm/mm Hg) is commonly substituted for [CO2]; e.g., when the plasma bicarbonate concentration is 24 mEq/liter and the PCO2 is 40 mm Hg, the pH value is 6.10 + log (24/0.0301 x 40) = 7.40.
Hill's e. the e.,y(1-y) = [S]n/Kd, where y is the fractional degree of saturation, [S] is the binding ligand concentration, n is the Hill coefficient, and Kd is the dissociation constant for the ligand. The Hill coefficient is a measure of the cooperativity of the protein; the larger the value, the higher the cooperativity. This coefficient cannot be higher than the number of binding sites. For the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin, an association constant, Ka, is used and the e. becomes y/(1-y) = Ka[S]n. For human blood, n equals 2.5. Cf. Hill plot.
Hüfner's e. an e. expressing the relationship between myoglobin dissociation and oxygen partial pressure: ([MBO2]/[Mb]) = (K x pO2).
Lineweaver-Burk e. a rearrangement of the Michaelis-Menten e., 1/v = 1/Vmax + (Km/Vmax)(1/[S]). Cf. double-reciprocal plot.
Michaelis-Menten e. an initial-rate e. for a single-substrate non-cooperative enzyme-catalyzed reaction relating the intial velocity to the initial substrate concentration; v = Vmax [S]/(Km + [S]), where v is the initial velocity of the reaction, Vmax is the maximum velocity, [S] is the initial substrate concentration, and Km is the Michaelis constant. Similar equations can be derived for conditions in which the product is present and for multisubstrate enzymes.Victor-Michaelis-Menten e;
Nernst's e. the e. relating the equilibrium potential of electrodes to ion concentrations; the e. relating the electrical potential and concentration gradient of an ion across a permeable membrane at equilibrium: E = [RT / nF] [ln (C1/C 2)], where E = potential, R = absolute gas constant, T = absolute temperature, n = valence, F = the Faraday, ln = the natural logarithm, and C1 and C2 are the ion concentrations on the two sides; in nonideal solutions, concentration should be replaced by activity. See also Nernst's theory, activity (2) .
personal e. a slight error in judgment, perceptual response, or action peculiar to the individual and so constant that it is usually possible to allow for it in accepting the person's statements or conclusions, thus arriving at approximate exactness; observed in persons whose work involves readings of events in time, such as navigators and air traffic controllers.
rate e. a mathematical expression for a chemical, radiochemical, or enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Rayleigh e. a ratio of red to green required by each observer to match spectral yellow.Rayleigh test;
Svedberg e. See sedimentation constant.
van't Hoff's e. 1. e. for osmotic pressure of dilute solutions. See van't Hoff's law. 2. for any reaction, d(ln Keq/d(1/T) equals -DELTAH/R where Keq is the equilibrium constant, T the absolute temperature, R is the universal gas constant, and DELTAH is the change in enthalpy; thus, plotting ln Keq vs. 1/T allows the determination of DELTAH.
Victor-Michaelis-Menten e. Michaelis-Menten e
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A line encircling a globular body, equidistant at all points from the two poles; the periphery of a plane cutting a sphere at the midpoint of, and at right angles to, its axis. [Mediev. L. aequator, fr. L. aequo, to make equal]
e. bul´bi oc´uli [NA] e. of eyeball
e. of eyeball an imaginary line encircling the globe of the eye equidistant from the anterior and posterior poles.e. bulbi oculi [NA];
e. of lens the periphery of the lens lying between the two layers of the ciliary zonule.e. lentis [NA];
e. len´tis [NA] e. of lens
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Situated, like the earth's equator, equidistant from each end.
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Having axes of equal length.
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Equal in heat value. See also isodynamic. [L. aequus, equal, + calor, heat]
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3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),6,8-pentaen-17-one;an estrogenic steroid isolated from pregnant mare's urine. [L. equa, mare]
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1. The act of maintaining an equilibrium or balance. 2. The act of exposing a liquid, e.g., blood or plasma, to a gas at a certain partial pressure until the partial pressures of the gas within and without the liquid are equal. 3. In dentistry, modification of occlusal forms of the teeth by grinding, with the intent of equalizing occlusal stress, producing simultaneous occlusal contacts, or harmonizing cuspal relations. 4. In chromatography, the saturation of the stationary phase with the vapor of the elution solvent to be used.
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1. The condition of being evenly balanced; a state of repose between two or more antagonistic forces that exactly counteract each other. 2. In chemistry, a state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed; in chemical equations, sometimes indicated by two opposing arrows (<->) instead of the equal sign.dynamic e; See also equilibrium constant. [L. aequilibrium, a horizontal position, fr. aequus, equal, + libra, a balance]
acid-base e. acid-base balance
Donnan e. when a semipermeable membrane or its equivalent (e.g., a solid ion-exchanger) separates a nondiffusible substance, such as protein, from diffusible substances, the diffusible anions and cations are distributed on the two sides of the membrane so that 1) the products of their concentrations are equal, and 2) the sum of the diffusible and nondiffusible anions on either side of the membrane is equal to the sum of the concentrations of diffusible and nondiffusible cations; the unequal distribution of diffusible ions thus produced creates a potential difference across the membrane (membrane potential).Gibbs-Donnan e;
dynamic e. equilibrium (2)
genetic e. the condition of a dynamic genetic system in which the several rates of change between all possible pairs of parts are such that the composition is invariant.
Gibbs-Donnan e. Donnan e
Hardy-Weinberg e. that state in which the genetic structure of the population conforms to the prediction of the Hardy-Weinberg law; it is not a stable e., although for a large mating population it may be approximated.random mating e;
homeostatic e. See homeostasis.
nitrogenous e. a condition in which the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body equals that taken in with the food; nutritive e. so far as protein is concerned.
nutritive e. condition in which there is a perfect balance between intake and excretion of nutritive material, so that there is no increase or loss in weight.physiologic e;
physiologic e. nutritive e
radioactive e. a situation (not a true e.) in which a particular atom is being produced by the radioactive breakdown of a precursor while it is itself breaking down, the two breakdowns matching so that after a period of time the ratio of radioactivity of product and precursor is constant with time.
random mating e. Hardy-Weinberg e
secular e. a type of radioactive e. in which the half-life of the precursor (parent) radioisotope is so much longer than that of the product (daughter) that the radioactivity of the daughter becomes equal to that of the parent with time.
stable e. e. in which, after every small perturbation, the original state will tend to be restored.
transient e. a type of radioactive e. in which the half-life of the parent radioisotope is longer than that of the daughter so that the ratio of activities of parent and daughter become constant as they decrease with time.
unstable e. e. in which the response to a small perturbation will tend to make the perturbation greater (e.g., a logged feedback process of zero order).
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3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one;an estrogenic steroid occurring in the urine of pregnant mares. [L. equa, mare]
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Containing an equal number of moles or having the same molarity, as in two or more substances.
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Containing an equal number of molecules, as in two or more solutions.
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Relating to, derived from, or resembling the horse, mule, ass, or other members of the genus Equus. [L. equinus, fr. equus, horse]
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a mycotoxic disease of horses, mules, and donkeys associated with eating moldy corn containing the fungus Fusarium moniliforme; the causative toxin is fumonisin B1, which produces apathy, pharyngeal paralysis, blindness, staggering, and recumbency.
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talipes equinovalgus
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talipes equinovarus
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A toxicosis in horses caused by eating horsetail (Equisetum arvense, a weed).
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Of equivalent toxicity.
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The property of an element or radical of combining with or displacing, in definite and fixed proportion, another element or radical in a compound. [L. aequus, equal, + valentia, strength (valence)]
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1. Equal in any respect. 2. That which is equal in size, weight, force, or any other quality to something else. [see equivalence]
combustion e. the heat value of a gram of carbohydrate or fat oxidized outside the body.
gold e. a unit of power of the protective colloids; the number of milligrams of protective colloid just sufficient to prevent the precipitation of 10 ml of a 0.0053 to 0.0058% gold solution by the action of 1 ml of a 10% sodium chloride solution.gold number;
gram e. 1. the weight in grams of an element that combines with or replaces 1 gram of hydrogen; 2. the atomic or molecular weight in grams of an atom or group of atoms involved in a chemical reaction divided by the number of electrons donated, taken up, or shared by the atom or group of atoms in the course of that reaction; 3. the weight of a substance contained in 1 liter of 1 normal solution; a variant of (1).combining weight, equivalent weight;
Joule's e. (J) the dynamic e. of heat; the amount of work converted to heat that will raise the temperature of 1 pound of water 1°F is 778 foot-pounds; in metric units, 1 calorie, which raises 1 gram of water 1°C, equals 4.184 x 107 dyne-centimeters, which equals 4.184 joules.
lethal e. 1. a combination of selective effects that on average have the same impact on the composition of the gene pool as one death; e.g., two carriers at 50% risk of dying would be the lethal e. of one carrier at 100% risk; 2. in the population genetics of recessive traits lethal e. is expressed as twice the sum of the expected number of deaths ascribable to the genetic load.
metabolic e. (MET) the oxygen cost of energy expenditure measured at supine rest (1 MET = 3.5 ml O2 per kg of body weight per minute); multiples of MET are used to estimate the oxygen cost of activity, e.g., 3 to 5 METs for light work; more than 9 METs for heavy work.
nitrogen e. the nitrogen content of protein; used in calculating the protein breakdown in the body from the nitrogen excreted in the urine, 1 g of nitrogen considered as having originated in 6.25 g of protein catabolized.
starch e. the amount of oxygen consumed in the combustion of a given weight of fat as compared with that consumed in the combustion of an equal weight of starch; the figure is about 2.38, that for starch being taken as 1.
toxic e. the amount of toxin or other poison per kilogram of body weight necessary to kill an animal.
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Abbreviation for endoplasmic reticulum.
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Symbol for erbium.
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Abbreviation for evoked response audiometry.
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Referring to disease, the termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment; global eradication has been achieved for smallpox, regional eradication for malaria and perhaps in some places for measles.
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Eino, Finnish anatomist, *1924. See E.'s fluorescence stain.
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Obsolete term for the scraping away of tissue, especially of bone. [L. e-rado, pp. e-rasum, to scrape away]
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Wilhelm H., German neurologist, 1840-1921. See E. atrophy, disease, palsy, paralysis, spinal paralysis, sign; E.-Charcot disease; Duchenne-E. paralysis; E.-Westphal sign; Westphal-E. sign.
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Abbreviation for effective renal blood flow.
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A rare earth (lanthanide) element, atomic no. 68, atomic wt. 167.26. [from Ytterby, a village in Sweden]
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25-hydroxyergocalciferol
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ergocalciferol
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1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol
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Abbreviation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Jakob, Austrian physician, 1874-1937. See E. disease, tumor.
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Hugo, German chemist, 1862-1910. See E.'s reagent.
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Capable of erection.
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The condition of erectile tissue when filled with blood, which then becomes hard and unyielding; denoting especially this state of the penis. [L. erectio, fr. erigo, pp. erectus, to set up]
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1. One who or that which raises or makes erect. 2. Denoting specifically certain muscles having such action.arrector; [Mod. L.]
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Morbid desire to be alone. [G. eremia, solitude, + philos, fond]
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Morbid fear of deserted places or of solitude. [G. eremia, solitude, + phobos, fear]
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An abnormal state of excitement or irritation, either general or local. [G. erethismos, irritation]
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Excited; marked by or causing erethism; irritable.
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Morbid fear of blushing. [G. ereuthos, blushing, + phobos, fear]
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Abbreviation for electroretinogram.
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The unit of work in the CGS system; the amount of work done by 1 dyne acting through 1 cm, 1 g cm2 s-2; in the SI system, 1 erg equals 10-7 joule. [G. ergon, work]
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1. Any form of activity, especially mental. 2. The total of functions and reactions of an individual. [G. work]
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Morbid or obsessive need to work. [G. ergasia, work, + mania, insanity]
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Aversion to work of any kind. [G. ergasia, work, + phobos, fear]
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Rarely used term for debility or any morbid symptoms due to overexertion. [G. ergasia, work, + astheneia, weakness, disease]
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granular endoplasmic reticulum [G. ergaster, a workman, + plasma, something formed]
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lysergic acid amide
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Work. [G. ergon]
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ergonovine
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(5Z,7E,22E)-(3S)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3-ol;activated ergosterol, the vitamin D of plant origin; it arises from ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol, which is cleaved at the 9,10 bond and develops a double bond between C-10 and C-19; used in prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.calciferol, ercalciol, viosterol, vitamin D2;
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C31H39N5O5;an alkaloid isolated from ergot.
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C35H39N5O5;an alkaloid isolated from ergot.
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C32H41N5O5;an alkaloid isolated from ergot.
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An instrument for recording both the degree of muscular force and the amount of the work accomplished by muscular contraction. [ergo- + G. dynamis, force, + grapho, to write]
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An apparatus for recording graphically muscular aptness as shown in the ability to counterbalance variable resistances. [ergo- + G. aisthesis, sensation, + grapho, to record]
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Tending to increase work.
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An instrument for recording the amount of work done by muscular contractions, or the amplitude of contraction. [ergo- + G. grapho, to write]
Mosso's e. an instrument consisting of pulleys, weights, and a recording lever, which is used to obtain a graphic record of flexion of a finger, hand, or arm.
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Relating to the ergograph and the record made by it.
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A class of drugs with prominent agonistic or antagonistic actions on dopamine receptors. Agents belonging to this group include bromocriptine, pergolide, and lisuride.
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dynamometer [ergo- + G. metron, measure]
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ergonovine
e. maleate ergonovine maleate
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A branch of ecology concerned with human factors in the design and operations of machines and the physical environment. [ergo- + G. nomos, law]
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An alkaloid from ergot; on hydrolysis it yields d-lysergic acid and l-2-aminopropanol.ergobasine, ergometrine, ergostetrine;
e. maleate a powerful oxytocic agent; this action is more prominent, and other actions of ergot (vasoconstriction, central nervous system stimulation, adrenergic blockade, etc.) are less prominent than for other ergot alkaloids; effective orally and parenterally.ergometrine maleate;
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An alkaloid from ergot with actions similar to those of ergotamine.
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A form of machine for exercising the muscles. [ergo- + G. statos, standing, placed]
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ergosterol
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7,22-didehydrocholesterol; ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol;the most important of the provitamins D2; ultraviolet irradiation converts e. to lumisterol, tachysterol, and ergocalciferol; main sterol in yeast.ergosterin;
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ergonovine
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The resistant, overwintering stage of the parasitic ascomycetous fungus Claviceps purpurea, a pathogen of rye grass that transforms the seed of rye into a compact spurlike mass of fungal pseudotissue (the sclerotium) containing five or more optically isomeric pairs of alkaloids. The levorotary isomers induce uterine contractions, control bleeding, and alleviate certain localized vascular disorders (migraine headaches). E. exemplifies fungal products with profound toxic effects at appropriate levels.rye smut; [O. Fr. argot, cock's spur]
corn e. Ustilago maydis
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C33H35N5O5;an alkaloid from ergot, used for the relief of migraine; it is a potent stimulant of smooth muscle, particularly of the blood vessels and the uterus, and produces adrenergic blockade (chiefly of the alpha receptors); hydrogenated e., dihydroergotamine, is less toxic and has fewer side effects. Also available as e. tartrate.
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An isomer of ergotamine but practically inert.
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Treatment of disease by muscular exercise. [G. ergon, work, + therapeia, therapy]
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thiohistidylbetaine; 2´-thiolhistidine betaine;the betaine of a sulfur-containing derivative of histidine, present in blood and other mammalian tissue and in ergot.thiolhistidylbetaine, thioneine;
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Poisoning by a toxic substance contained in the sclerotia of the fungus, Claviceps purpura, growing on rye grass; characterized by necrosis of the extremities (gangrene) due to contraction of the peripheral vascular bed. See also ergot poisoning.Saint Anthony's fire (1);
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A mixture of alkaloids obtained from ergot, consisting of 1:1:1 ergocristine, ergocornine and ergocryptine, more toxic than other natural and semisynthetic ergot alkaloids; a potent stimulant of smooth muscle, particularly of the blood vessels and uterus, and produces adrenergic blockade (chiefly of the alpha receptors).ecboline;
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The term introduced by W.R. Hess to denote those mechanisms and the functional status of the nervous system that favor the organism's capacity to expend energy, as distinguished from the trophotropic mechanisms promoting rest and reconstitution of energy stores. In general, the balance between ergotropic and trophotropic nervous mechanisms corresponds in large part to that between the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. [ergo- + G. tropos, a turning]
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Sir John, English surgeon, 1818-1896. See E.'s sign.
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The dried leaves of Eriodictyon californicum (family Hydrophyllaceae); the fluidextract and the syrup have been used as an expectorant and to mask the taste of bitter substances.mountain balm, yerba santa;
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A surgical instrument designed to hold the lens by suction in cataract extraction; now seldom used. [G. erysis, a drawing, + phakos, lentil]
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Emil, German chemist, 1825-1909. See E. flask, flask deformity.
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Paul, German pathologist, 1859-1937. See Babès-E. bodies, under body.
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1. To cause, or to be affected by, erosion. 2. To remove by ulceration. [L. erodo, to gnaw away]
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Capable of producing sexual excitement when stimulated. [G. eros, love, + genos, birth]
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In psychoanalysis, the life principle representing all instinctual tendencies toward procreation and life. See also entries underinstinct Cf. thanatos. [G. love]
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Denoting an edge or margin which is irregularly notched or indented, as if gnawed away; used especially in reference to bacterial colonies. [L. erodo, pp. erosus, to gnaw away]
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1. A wearing away or a state of being worn away, as by friction or pressure. Cf. corrosion. 2. A shallow ulcer; in the stomach and intestine, an ulcer limited to the mucosa, with no penetration of the muscularis mucosa. 3. The wearing away of a tooth by chemical action or abrasive; when the cause is unknown, it is referred to as idiopathic e.odontolysis; [L. erosio, fr. erodo, to gnaw away]
Dieulafoy's e. acute ulcerative gastroenteritis complicating pneumonia, possibly caused by overproduction of adrenal steroid hormones.
recurrent corneal e. repeated vesiculation followed by exfoliation of the corneal epithelium.
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1. Having the property of eroding or wearing away. 2. An eroding agent.
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Lustful; relating to sexual passion; having the quality to produce sexual arousal. [G. erotikos, relating to love, fr. eros, love]
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A condition of sexual excitement.
anal e. pleasurable experience centered around defecation and related activities associated with the anal zone, especially during the anal phase in one- to three-year-old children.
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The act of sexual arousal or the state of being sexually excited.libidinization;
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The origin or genesis of sexual impulses. [G. eros, love, + genesis, origin]
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Capable of causing sexual excitement or arousal. [G. eros, love, + -gen, production]
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1. Excessive or morbid inclination to erotic thoughts and behavior. 2. The delusional belief that one is involved in a relationship with another, generally of higher socioeconomic status. [G. eros, love, + mania, frenzy]
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Relating to erotopathy.
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Any abnormality of the sexual impulse. [G. eros, love, + pathos, suffering]
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Morbid aversion to the thought of sexual love and to its physical expression. [G. eros, love, + phobos, fear]
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Abbreviation for early receptor potential.
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Abbreviation for effective renal plasma flow.
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1. eccentric (1) 2. Denoting symptoms that vary in intensity, frequency, or location. [L. erro, pp. erratus, to wander]
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1. A defect in structure or function. 2. In biostatistics: 1) a mistaken decision, as in hypothesis testing or classification by a discriminant function; 2) the difference between the true value and the observed value of a variate, ascribed to randomness or misreading by an observer. 3. A false or mistaken belief; in biomedical and other sciences, there are many varieties of e., for example due to bias, inaccurate measurements, or faulty instruments.
alpha e. type I e
beta e. type II e
experimental e. the total e. of measurement ascribed to the conduct of an empirical observation. It is commonly expressed as the standard deviation of replicated experiments. There may be many components, including those in the sampling procedure, the measurements, injudicious choice of a model, observer bias, etc.
e. of the first kind in a Neyman-Pearson test of a statistical hypothesis the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.type I e;
inborn e.'s of metabolism a group of disorders, each of which involves a disorder of a single unique enzyme, genetic in origin and operating from birth; effects are ascribable to accumulation of the substrate on which the enzyme normally acts (e.g., phenylketonuria), to deficiency of the product of the enzyme (e.g., albinism), or to forcing metabolism through an auxiliary pathway (e.g., oxaluria).
interobserver e. the differences in interpretation by two or more individuals making observations of the same phenomenon.
intraobserver e. the differences in interpretation by an individual making observations of the same phenomenon at different times.
residual e. the estimated discrepancy between the actual measured datum and the value for that value computed after a model has been fitted to the set of the data by an estimator.
e. of the second kind in a Neyman-Pearson test of a statistical hypothesis, the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false; the complement of the power of the test.type II e;
technical e. that component of experimental e. that is due to the conduct of the experiment and in principle estimated by replicate determinations on aliquots from the same specimen.
type I e. e. of the first kindalpha e;
type II e. e. of the second kindbeta e;
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See tachysterol.
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A reddening of the skin. [L. erubescere, to redden]
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Denoting reddening of the skin.
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13-Docosenoic acid;a 22-carbon unsaturated fatty acid present in the seeds of nasturtium (Indian cress) and of several Cruciferae species (rape, mustard, and wallflower); thought to be toxic to cardiac muscle.
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The voiding of gas or of a small quantity of acid fluid from the stomach through the mouth.belching, ructus; [L. eructo, pp. -atus, to belch]
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1. A breaking out, especially the appearance of lesions on the skin. 2. A rapidly developing dermatosis of the skin or mucous membranes, especially when appearing as a local manifestation of one of the exanthemata; an e. is characterized, according to the nature of the lesion, as macular, papular, vesicular, pustular, bullous, nodular, erythematous, etc. 3. The passage of a tooth through the alveolar process and perforation of the gums. [L. e-rumpo, pp. -ruptus, to break out]
accelerated e. a dental e. pattern which is chronologically advanced in comparison with the average pattern of dental e.; e. of the first tooth occurs at an earlier age than the average, and the intervals of time between subsequent dental e.'s are shorter than the average.
butterfly e. butterfly (2)
clinical e. development of the crown of a tooth that can be observed clinically.
continuous e. the e. of a tooth into the mouth and its continuous movement in a vertical direction.
creeping e. cutaneous larva migrans
delayed e. a dental e. pattern which is chronologically late in comparison with the average pattern of dental e.; e. of the first tooth occurs at a later age than the average, and the intervals of time between subsequent dental e.'s are longer than the average.
drug e. any e. caused by the ingestion, injection, or inhalation of a drug, most often the result of allergic sensitization; reactions to drugs applied to the cutaneous surface are not generally designated as drug e., but as contact-type dermatitis.dermatitis medicamentosa, dermatosis medicamentosa, drug rash, medicinal e;
feigned e. dermatitis artefacta
fixed drug e. a type of drug e. that recurs at a fixed site (or sites) following the administration of a particular drug; the lesions usually consist of intensely erythematous and purplish, sharply demarcated macules, and occasionally of herpetic vesicles; the affected areas undergo gradual involution, but flare and enlarge on readministration of the offending drug and may become hyperpigmented.
iodine e. an acneform or follicular e. or granulomatous lesion caused by a reaction to systemic iodine or iodide administration.
Kaposi's varicelliform e. a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis, with generalized vesicles and vesicopapules and high fever.eczema vaccinatum;
medicinal e. drug e
passive e. the apparent continued e. of the teeth, actually the result of regression of the gingivae and crestal bone.
polymorphous light e. a common pruritic papular e. appearing in a few hours and lasting up to several days on skin exposed to shortwave ultraviolet light; subepidermal edema and deep perivascular lymphocytic infiltration is seen microscopically.
e. sequestrum (se´kwes-trum) spicule of bone overlying the central occlusal fossa of an erupting permanent molar.
serum e. urticaria seen in serum sickness.
surgical e. the uncovering of an unerupted tooth to permit its further e. into the oral cavity by surgically removing overlying soft tissue, bone, and sometimes teeth.
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Characterized by eruption.
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Abbreviation for expiratory reserve volume.
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A specific, acute, cutaneous inflammatory disease caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci and characterized by hot, red, edematous, brawny, and sharply defined eruptions; usually accompanied by severe constitutional symptoms.rose (1); [G., fr. erythros, red + pella, skin]
ambulant e. e. migrans
e. inter´num an erysipelatous eruption in the vagina, uterus, and peritoneum, occurring in the puerperium.
e. mi´grans a widely spreading form involving the entire face or body surface.ambulant e., wandering e;
e. per´stans facie´i chronic, dusky red eruption of erysipelas on the face.
phlegmonous e. a form marked by invasion of the subcutaneous tissues, with the formation of deep-seated abscesses.
e. pustulo´sum development of pustules over the area of e.
surgical e. e. caused by infection of the wound following a surgical procedure.
swine e. a destructive disease of swine, occurring in both acute and chronic forms, caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
e. verruco´sum development of verrucous or warty lesions on the area of e.
wandering e. e. migrans
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Relating to erysipelas.
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A specific, usually self-limiting, cellulitis of the hand caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; appears as a dusky erythema with diamondlike configuration of the skin at the site of a wound sustained in handling fish or meat and may become generalized, with plaques of erythema and bullae, and occasionally, severe toxemia.blubber finger, crab hand, pseudoerysipelas, Rosenbach's disease (2), seal fingers, speck finger, whale fingers; [G. erysipelas + eidos, resemblance]
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A genus of bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) containing nonmotile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped organisms which have a tendency to form long filaments; older cells tend to become Gram-negative. They produce acid but no gas from glucose. They are facultatively anaerobic and catalase-negative. Members of this genus are parasitic on mammals, birds, and fish. The type species is E. rhusiopathiae. [erysipelas + G. thrix, hair]
E. insidio´sa E. rhusiopathiae
E. rhusiopath´iae a species which causes swine erysipelas, human erysipeloid, non-suppurative polyarthritis in lambs, and septicemia in mice, and commonly infects fish handlers; it is the type species of the genus E.E. insidiosa;
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A toxin produced by types of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A hemolytic streptococci), the bacterial cause of erysipelas.
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Redness of the skin due to capillary dilatation. [G. erythema, flush]
e. ab ig´ne e. caloricum
acrodynic e. acrodynia (2)
e. annula´re rounded or ringed lesions.
e. annula´re centrif´ugum a chronic recurring erythematous eruption consisting of small and large annular lesions, with a scant marginal scale, usually of unknown cause.e. figuratum perstans;
e. annula´re rheumat´icum a variant of e. multiforme associated with rheumatic fever.
e. arthrit´icum epidem´icum Haverhill fever
e. bullo´sum e. multiforme with formation of large vesicles or bullae.
e. calor´icum a reticulated, pigmented, macular eruption that occurs, mostly on the shins, of bakers, stokers, and others exposed to radiant heat.e. ab igne, toasted shins;
e. chron´icum mi´grans a raised erythematous ring with advancing indurated borders and central clearing, radiating from the site of a tick bite such as that by Ixodes dammini; the characteristic skin lesion of Lyme disease, due to the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
e. circina´tum e. multiforme in which the lesions are grouped in more or less circular fashion.
cold e. rash characterized by redness and itching, brought on by exposure to cold.
e. dyschro´micum per´stans variously sized gray or red, slightly elevated macular lesions that tend to coalesce on the trunk, extremities, and face, commonly in dark-skinned Latin Americans; of unknown cause.ashy dermatosis;
e. eleva´tum diu´tinum a chronic symmetrical eruption of flattened nodules, of a pinkish or purplish color, occurring in plaques on the buttocks and extensors of wrists, elbows, and knees, becoming fibrotic and finally scarring; early lesions show necrotizing vasculitis with fibrinoid or lipid deposits in vessel walls.Bury's disease;
e. exfoliati´va keratolysis exfoliativa
e. figura´tum per´stans e. annulare centrifugum
e. fu´gax obsolete term for a diffuse and fleeting e. from emotional stimuli.
e. gyra´tum e. circinatum in which the various ringed lesions overlap each other.
hemorrhagic exudative e. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
e. indura´tum recurrent hard subcutaneous nodules that frequently break down and form necrotic ulcers, usually on the calves and less frequently on the thighs or arms of middle-aged women; they are associated with erythrocyanotic changes in cold weather; although microscopically granulomatous and necrotizing, the lesions are sterile; probably a form of nodular vasculitis.Bazin's disease, nodular tuberculid;
e. infectio´sum a mild infectious exanthema of childhood characterized by an erythematous maculopapular eruption, resulting in a lace-like facial rash or "slapped cheek" appearance. Fever and arthritis may also accompany infection; caused by Parvovirus B 19.fifth disease, Sticker's disease;
e. intertri´go See intertrigo.
e. i´ris concentric rings of e. varying in intensity, characteristic of e. multiforme.herpes iris (1);
Jacquet's e. diaper dermatitis
e. kerato´des keratodermia with an erythematous border.
macular e. roseola
e. margina´tum a variant of e. multiforme seen in rheumatic fever; occasionally has a configuration to suggest the designation e. migrans (geographic tongue).
e. mi´grans , e. mi´grans ling´uae geographic tongue
Milian's e. ninth-day e
e. multifor´me an acute eruption of macules, papules, or subdermal vesicles presenting a multiform appearance, the characteristic lesion being the target or iris lesion over the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms; its origin may be allergic, seasonal, or from drug sensitivity, and the eruption, although usually self-limited (e.g., multiforme minor), may be recurrent or may run a severe course, sometimes with fatal termination (e.g., multiforme major or Stevens-Johnson syndrome).e. polymorphe, Hebra's disease (1), herpes iris (2);
e. multifor´me bullo´sum Stevens-Johnson syndrome
e. multifor´me exudati´vum Stevens-Johnson syndrome
e. multifor´me ma´jor Stevens-Johnson syndrome
necrolytic migratory e. an erythematous, scaling, and sometimes bullous and erosive dermatitis occurring irregularly in plaques chiefly on the lower trunk, buttocks, perineum, and thighs; associated with weight loss, anemia, stomatitis, and elevation of plasma glucagon in islet cell tumor (glucagonoma) of the pancreas. See also glucagonoma syndrome.
e. neonato´rum e. toxicum neonatorum
ninth-day e. obsolete term for a nontoxic eruption that simulates measles or a toxic erythema, occurring usually on the ninth day of a course of medication; first described as a reaction to arsenical treatment of syphilis.Milian's disease, Milian's e;
e. nodo´sum a panniculitis marked by the sudden formation of painful nodes on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities, with lesions that are self-limiting but tend to recur; associated with arthralgia and fever; may be the result of drug sensitivity or associated with sarcoidosis and various infections. Deep biopsies show a septal panniculitis with infiltration by lymphocytes and scattered multinucleated giant cells.nodal fever;
e. nodo´sum lepro´sum an acute type of lepromatous reaction with generalized systemic involvement and tender deep cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules of the face, thighs, and arms; usually seen in undiagnosed, untreated, or neglected cases of leprosy.
e. nodo´sum mi´grans subacute migratory panniculitis
e. palma´re heredita´rium [MIM*133000] a condition characterized by asymptomatic symmetrical palmar e.; autosomal dominant inheritance.Lane's disease;
e. papula´tum the papular form of e. multiforme.
e. paratrim´ma e. due to stasis over pressure points.
e. per´nio chilblain
e. per´stans probably a chronic form of e. multiforme in which the relapses recur so persistently that the eruption is almost permanent.
e. polymor´phe e. multiforme
scarlatiniform e. , e. scarlatinoi´des an erythematous macular eruption accompanied by slight constitutional symptoms and followed by desquamation.
e. sim´plex blushing or redness of the skin caused by a toxic reaction or a neurovascular phenomenon.dermatitis simplex;
e. sola´re sunburn
symptomatic e. a general term applied to various e.'s associated with systemic disease, fevers, allergic states, etc.
e. tox´icum flushing of the skin due to allergic reaction to some toxic substance.
e. tox´icum neonato´rum a common transient idiopathic eruption of erythema, small papules, and occasionally pustules filled with eosinophilic leukocytes overlying hair follicles of the newborn.e. neonatorum;
e. tubercula´tum e. multiforme in which the papules are of large size.
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Relating to or marked by erythema.
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Denoting a condition characterized by erythema and vesiculation, as in allergic contact dermatitis.
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erythromelalgia
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See erythro-.
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Painful redness of the skin. See also erythromelalgia. [erythro- + G. algos, pain]
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An eruption of well-circumscribed reddish brown patches, in the axillae and groins especially, due to the presence of Corynebacterium minutissimum in the stratum corneum. [G. erythraino, to redden]
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acrodynia (2) [erythro- + G. oidema, swelling]
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polycythemia vera [erythro- + G. haima, blood]
altitude e. chronic mountain sickness
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Redness of the hair with a ruddy, freckled complexion. [G. erythros, red]
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Relating to or marked by erythrism; having a ruddy complexion and reddish hair.rufous;
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erythritol
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tetrahydroxybutane (1,2,3,4-butanetetrol);the 4-carbon sugar alcohol obtained by the reduction of erythrose, notable for its sweetness (twice that of sucrose); found in lichens, algae, and fungi; a coronary vasodilator.erythrite, erythrol;
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A vasodilator used in angina pectoris and hypertension.erythrol tetranitrate, tetranitrol;
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1. Combining form denoting red or red blood cell; corresponds to L. rub-. 2. Indicates the structure of erythrose in a larger sugar; used as such, it is italicized (e.g., 2-deoxy-d-erythro-pentose). [G. erythros, red]
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Originally, a term denoting all forms of human red blood cells containing a nucleus, both pathologic (i.e., megaloblastic) and normal (e.g., normoblastic). The pathologic or megaloblastic series is observed in pernicious anemia in relapse. The term megaloblast is also used to indicate the first generation of cells in the red blood cell series that can be distinguished from precursor endothelial cells; hence with this usage, megaloblast denotes both a normal and an abnormal cell. In the normoblastic series of maturation four stages of development can be recognized: 1) pronormoblast, 2) basophilic normoblast, 3) polychromatic normoblast, and 4) orthochromatic normoblast. In the megaloblastic series of maturation, stages similar to those found in the normoblastic series are seen: 1) promegaloblast, 2) basophilic megaloblast, 3) polychromatic megaloblast, and 4) orthochromatic megaloblast. In the normal series of maturation, after loss of the nucleus, young erythrocytes are called reticulocytes; these cells may be recognized with supravital stains such as brilliant cresyl blue; ultimately the reticulocytes become erythrocytes, or mature red blood cells.erythrocytoblast, Loevit's cell; [erythro- + G. blastos, germ]
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The presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood. [erythroblast + G. haima, blood]
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A primary deficiency of erythroblasts in bone marrow, seen in aplastic anemia. [erythroblast + G. penia, poverty]
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The presence of erythroblasts in considerable number in the blood. [erythroblast + -osis, condition]
avian e. an expression of disease of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex; characterized by severe anemia and large numbers of erythroblasts in the blood; chickens are most susceptible but fatal natural infections have been reported in guinea fowl.fowl e;
fetal e. e. fetalis
e. feta´lis a grave hemolytic anemia that, in most instances, results from development in the mother of anti-Rh antibody in response to the Rh factor in the (Rh-positive) fetal blood; it is characterized by many erythroblasts in the circulation, and often generalized edema (hydrops fetalis) and enlargement of the liver and spleen; the disease is sometimes caused by antibodies for antigens other than Rh. See also hemolytic anemia of newborn (2) .anemia neonatorum, congenital anemia, fetal e., hemolytic anemia of newborn (1), hemolytic disease of newborn, neonatal anemia;
fowl e. avian e
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Pertaining to erythroblastosis, especially erythroblastosis fetalis.
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Phagocytosis of the red blood cells. [erythro- + G. katalysis, dissolution]
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A red coloration or staining. [erythro- + G. chroma, color]
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Fragmentation of the red blood cells. [erythro- + G. klasis, a breaking]
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Pertaining to erythroclasis; destructive to red blood cells.
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cytocuprein
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A condition seen in girls and young women in which exposure of the limbs to cold causes them to become swollen and dusky red; it results from direct exposure to cold, but not freezing, temperatures. [erythro- + G. kyanos, blue, + -osis, condition]
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A mature red blood cell.red blood cell, red corpuscle; [erythro- + G. kytos, cell]
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polycythemia [erythro- + G. kytos, cell, + haima, blood]
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Pertaining to an erythrocyte.
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erythroblast [erythro- + G. kytos, cell, + blastos, germ]
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hemolysin (1)
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hemolysis [erythrocyte + G. lysis, loosening]
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An instrument for counting the red blood cells; Hayden used this term to denote an instrument to measure the diameter of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. metron, measure]
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erythropenia
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erythropoiesis
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A partial erythrocytolysis in which particles of protoplasm escape from the red blood cells, which then become crenated and deformed.erythrorrhexis; [erythrocyte + G. rhexis, rupture]
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A breaking up of the red blood cells into small particles that morphologically resemble platelets. [erythrocyte + G. schisis, a splitting]
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Polycythemia, especially that which occurs in response to some known stimulus.
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Red blood cells in urine.
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Pertaining to or characterized by degeneration of the red blood cells.
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A nonspecific designation for intense and usually widespread reddening of the skin from dilatation of blood vessels, often preceding, or associated with exfoliation.erythrodermatitis; [erythro- + G. derma, skin]
bullous congenital ichthyosiform e. (ik-the-os´e-form) diffusely red, eroded skin at birth, with subsequent scaling, tending to improve in later life, characterized by generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and autosomal dominant inheritance. See also epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.generalized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, ichthyismus hystrix, ichthyosis hystrix;
congenital ichthyosiform e. a genodermatosis characterized by diffuse chronic erythema and scale formation which may be separated into bullous and nonbullous forms.ichthyosiform e., ichthyosis spinosa, keratoma malignum;
e. desquamati´vum severe, extensive seborrheic dermatitis with exfoliative dermatitis, generalized lymphoadenopathy, and diarrhea in the newborn; frequently occurs in undernourished, cachectic children.Leiner's disease;
e. exfoliati´va keratolysis exfoliativa
ichthyosiform e. congenital ichthyosiform e
nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform e. e. or a collodion membrane at birth, usually without improvement during childhood, characterized by proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes with lipid accumulation; autosomal recessive inheritance.
e. psoriat´icum extensive exfoliative dermatitis simulating psoriasis.
Sézary e. Sézary syndrome
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erythroderma
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A partially digested form of dextrin identified by its color reaction with iodine (i.e., turning red).
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Reddish discoloration of the teeth, as may occur in porphyria. [erythro- + G. odous, tooth]
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congenital hypoplastic anemia
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1. Producing red, as causing an eruption or a red color sensation. 2. Pertaining to the formation of red blood cells. [erythro- + -gen, producing]
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The precursor of an erythrocyte; occasionally refers to the erythropoietic tissue as a whole. [erythro- + G. gone, generation]
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Reddish in color.
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A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist which unlike most members of this group of agents, is a tertiary amine and hence enters the central nervous system.
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The association of erythoderma and hyperkeratosis, which may be symptomatic at sites of chronic injury or inherited; ataxia appears later in life; symmetrical progressive e. is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene and does not involve the palms and soles. [erythro- + G. keras, horn, + derma, skin, + -ia, condition]
e. variabi´lis [MIM*133200] a dermatosis characterized by hyperkeratotic plaques of bizarre, geographic configuration, associated with erythrodermic areas that may vary remarkably in size, shape, and position from day to day; onset is usually in the first year of life; autosomal dominant inheritance.keratosis rubra figurata;
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A consideration of the kinetics of erythrocytes from their generation to destruction; erythrokinetic studies are sometimes made in cases of anemia to evaluate the balance between erythrocyte production and destruction. [erythro- + G. kinesis, movement]
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erythritol
e. tetranitrate erythrityl tetranitrate
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Simultaneous neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and leukoblastic tissues.
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A condition resembling leukemia in which the erythropoietic tissue is affected in addition to the leukopoietic tissue.
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hemolysin (1)
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hemolysis
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1. Paroxysmal throbbing and burning pain in the skin often precipitated by exertion or heat, affecting the hands and feet, accompanied by a dusky mottled redness of the parts with increased skin temperature; may be associated with myeloproliferative disorders. 2. A rare disorder of middle age, characterized by paroxysmal attacks of severe burning pain, reddening, hyperalgesia and sweating, involving one or more extremities, usually both feet; the attacks can be triggered by warmth, and are usually relieved by cold and limb elevation.erythermalgia, Gerhardt's disease, Gerhardt-Mitchell disease, Mitchell's disease, red neuralgia, rodonalgia, Weir Mitchell's disease; [erythro- + G. melos, limb, + algos, pain]
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Diffuse idiopathic erythema and atrophy of the skin of the lower limbs. [erythro- + G. melos, limb]
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A macrolide antibiotic agent obtained from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces erythraeus found in soil; it is active against Corynebacterium diphtheriae and several other species of Corynebacterium, Group A hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis; Gram-positive bacteria are in general more susceptible to its action than are Gram-negative bacteria, although neisseriae and brucellae are susceptible to its action. Available as the estolate, ethylcarbonate, ethylsuccinate, gluceptate, lactobionate, stearate, and salts; active against Legionella. Often used as a substitute antibiotic in penicillin-allergic individuals.
e. estolate a salt of the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin.
e. glucoheptonate A salt of the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin.
e. propionate A salt of the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin.
e. stearate A salt of the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin.
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The total mass of circulating red blood cells, and that part of the hematopoietic tissue from which they are derived.
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The presence in the peripheral circulation of regenerative forms of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. neos, new, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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Deficiency in the number of red blood cells.erythrocytopenia; [erythrocyte + G. penia, poverty]
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Phagocytic destruction of red blood cells. [erythrocyte + G. phago, to eat, + -ia]
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Phagocytosis of erythrocytes.
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1. Staining readily with red dyes.erythrophilic; 2. A cell or tissue element that stains red. [erythro- + G. philos, fond]
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erythrophil (1)
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A chromatophore containing granules of a red or brown pigment.allophore; [erythro- + G. phoros, bearing]
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A red velvety plaque-like lesion of mucous membrane which often represents malignant change. [erythro- + G. plax, plate]
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Erythema and dysplasia of the epithelium. [erythro- + G. plasso, to form]
e. of Queyrat carcinoma in situ of the glans penis.
Zoon's e. plasma cell balanitis
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The formation of red blood cells.erythrocytopoiesis; [erythrocyte + G. poiesis, a making]
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Pertaining to or characterized by erythropoiesis.
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A sialic acid-containing protein that enhances erythropoiesis by stimulating formation of proerythroblasts and release of reticulocytes from bone marrow; it is secreted by the kidney, and possibly by other tissues, and can be detected in human plasma and urine.erythropoietic hormone (2), hematopoietin, hemopoietin;
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A disorder similar to erythromelalgia, but with the pain and redness occurring in the face. [erythro- + G. prosopon, face, + algos, pain]
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An abnormality of vision in which all objects appear to be tinged with red.red vision; [erythro- + G. ops, eye]
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Alteration of red blood cells to develop the so-called "brassy bodies," under the influence of the malarial parasite. [erythro- + G. pyknos, dense]
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erythrocytorrhexis [erythrocyte + G. rhexis, rupture]
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An aldotetrose epimeric with threose. The d-isomer plays a role in intermediary metabolism.
e. 4-phosphate a phosphorylated derivative of e. that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Tetraiodofluorescein, a fluorescent red acid dye, used as a counterstain in histology and as a fluorescent indicator.
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Name given to cocaine by its discoverer, Gaedeke, in 1855.
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The 2-keto analog of erythrose; the only ketotetrose.
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The passage of red urine. [erythro- + G. ouron, urine]
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Symbol for einsteinium.
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Georges H., French physician, 1843-1890. See E.'s reagent.
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Term used to describe the situation when a higher pacemaker defaults or A-V conduction fails and a lower pacemaker assumes the function of pacemaking for one or more beats.
junctional e. e. with the A-V node as pacemaker.
ventricular e. e. with an ectopic ventricular focus as pacemaker.
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A thick, coagulated crust or slough which develops following a thermal burn or chemical or physical cauterization of the skin. [G. eschara, a fireplace, a scab caused by burning]
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Excision of all or part of an eschar, usually following a burn.
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Caustic or corrosive. [G. escharotikos]
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Surgical incision in an eschar to lessen constriction, as might be done following a burn. [eschar + G. tome, incision]
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Theodor, German physician, 1857-1911. See Escherichia coli; E.'s sign.
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A genus of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing short, motile or nonmotile, Gram-negative rods. Motile cells are peritrichous. Glucose and lactose are fermented with the production of acid and gas. These organisms are found in feces; some are pathogenic to man, causing enteritis, peritonitis, cystitis, etc. It is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The type species is E. coli. [T. Escherich, German pediatrician and bacteriologist, 1857-1911]
E. co´li a species that occurs normally in the intestines of man and other vertebrates, is widely distributed in nature, and is a frequent cause of infections of the urogenital tract and of diarrhea in infants; enteropathogenic strains (serovars) of E. coli cause diarrhea due to enterotoxin, the production of which seems to be associated with a transferable episome; the type species of the genus.colibacillus, colon bacillus;
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enterohemorrhagic strains of E. coli, usually of the serotype 0157:H7; produces a toxin resembling that produced by Shigella; associated with damage to the epithelium, ischemia of the bowel, and necrosis of the colon. Apparently responsible for a hemorrhagic form of colitis without fever, which can be very severe, spread primarily by contaminated beef. May also cause microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and the hemolytic uremic syndrome.
enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) enteroinvasive strain of E. coli penetrates gut mucosa and multiplies in colon epithelial cells, resulting in shigellosis-like changes of the mucosa. This strain produces a severe diarrheal illness that can resemble shigellosis except for the absence of vomiting and shorter duration of illness.
enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) enteropathogenic strain of E. coli; organisms adhere to small bowel mucosa and produce characteristic changes in the microvilli. This strain produces symptomatic, sometimes serious, gastrointestinal illnesses, especially severe in neonates and young children; typically it produces toxins, one of which is heat-labile, resembling that produced by Vibrio cholerae, the other heat-stable.
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli; attaches to the duodenum or proximal small intestine mucosa, where it forms heat-stable and heat-labile toxins that activate adenylate cyclase, causing wasting diarrhea. Responsible for 40-70% of traveler's diarrhea; chiefly water-borne via human feces. Most important cause of diarrhea among infants living in tropical areas.
E. freun´dii former name for Citrobacter freundii.
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A brown powder derived from esculetin, a substance derived from esculin; used for the detection of defects in the cornea and conjunctiva, which it marks by a red coloration.
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aesculapian
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Edible; fit for eating. [L. esculentus, edible]
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bicolorin; enallachrome; esculoside; polychrome; 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin 6-glucoside;a glucoside from horse-chestnut bark; used as a sunburn protective.aesculin; [L. aesculus, the Italian oak]
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The region of the skin in quadrupeds (usually cattle) between the hind legs above the udder and below the anus; the hair in this region generally grows upward. [through O. Fr., fr. L. scutum, shield]
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An alkaloid from the seed of Physostigma; a parasympathomimetic agent.eserine aminoxide, eserine oxide;
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physostigmine
e. aminoxide eseridine
e. oxide eseridine
e. salicylate physostigmine salicylate
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Condition, action, or process. [G. -esis, condition or process]
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Johann F.A. von, German surgeon, 1823-1908. See E. tourniquet.
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Benzene propanoic acid, 4-[2-hydroxy-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]propoxy]-, methyl ester, hydrochloride;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent with brief duration of action.
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1. esophoria 2. esotropia
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afferent [G. eso, inward, + hodos, way]
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Obsolete term for inflammation of the lining membrane of the ethmoid cells. [G. eso, within, + ethmoid, + -itis, inflammation]
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Obsolete term for catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach. [G. eso, within, + gaster, stomach, + -itis, inflammation]
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Rarely used term for pain in the esophagus.esophagodynia; [esophagus + G. algos, pain]
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Relating to the esophagus.
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Dilation of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. ektasis, a stretching]
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Excision of any part of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. ektome, excision]
transhiatal e. resection of the esophagus by blunt dissection from a cervical incision from above and transhiatal approach through an abdominal incision.
transthoracic e. resection of the esophagus through a thoracotomy incision.
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Plural of esophagus.
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Esophageal spasm causing dysphagia.dysphagia nervosa, nervous dysphagia;
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Inflammation of the esophagus.
reflux e. , peptic e. inflammation of the lower esophagus from regurgitation of acid gastric contents, usually due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter; symptoms include substernal pain, heartburn, and regurgitation of acid juice.
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Plastic surgery of the esophagus and cardiac end of the stomach.
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Protrusion of the mucous membrane of the esophagus through a tear in the muscular coat. [esophagus + G. kele, hernia]
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esophagalgia [esophagus + G. odyne, pain]
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Surgical formation of a direct communication between the esophagus and intestine. [esophagus + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]
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Removal of a portion of the lower esophagus and proximal stomach for treatment of neoplasms or strictures of those organs, especially those lesions located at or near the cardioesophageal junction.
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esophagogastrostomy
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Endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum usually performed using a fiberoptic instrument.
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esophagomyotomy
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cardioplasty
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Anastomosis of esophagus to stomach, usually following esophagogastrectomy.esophagogastroanastomosis, gastroesophagostomy; [esophagus + G. gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]
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A roentgenogram of the esophagus.
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Radiography of the esophagus using swallowed or injected radiopaque contrast media; the technique of obtaining an esophagogram. [esophagus + G. grapho, to write]
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Study of the structure, physiology, and diseases of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. logos, study]
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Softening of the walls of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. malakia, softness]
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A fungous infection of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]
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Treatment of esophageal achalasia by longitudinal division of the lowest part of the esophageal muscle down to the submucosal layer; some muscle fibers of the cardia may also be divided.cardiomyotomy, esophagogastromyotomy, Heller myotomy; [esophagus + G. mys, muscle, + tome, incision]
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Plastic surgery of the wall of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. plastos, formed]
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Reduction in size of a dilated esophagus or of a pouch in it by making longitudinal folds or tucks in its wall. [esophagus + L. plico, to fold]
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Relaxation and downward displacement of the walls of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. ptosis, a falling]
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An endoscope for inspecting the interior of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Inspection of the interior of the esophagus by means of an endoscope. [esophagus + G. skopeo, to examine]
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Spasm of the walls of the esophagus.
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Stricture or a general narrowing of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. stenosis, a narrowing]
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oesophagostomiasis [esophagus + G. stoma, mouth, + -iasis, condition]
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Surgical formation of an opening directly into the esophagus from without. [esophagus + G. stoma, mouth]
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An incision through the wall of the esophagus. [esophagus + G. tome, an incision]
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A radiographic record of contrast esophagography or barium swallow.
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The portion of the digestive canal between the pharynx and stomach. It is about 25 cm long and consists of three parts: the cervical part, from the cricoid cartilage to the thoracic inlet; thoracic part, from thoracic inlet to the diaphragm; and abdominal part, below the diaphragm to the cardiac opening of the stomach. [G. oisophagos, gullet]
Barrett's e. Barrett's syndrome
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A tendency for the eyes to turn inward, prevented by binocular vision.esodeviation (1); [G. eso, inward, + phora, a carrying]
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Relating to or marked by esophoria.
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Obsolete term for osteomyelitis of the sphenoid bone. [G. eso, within, + sphenoid, + -itis, inflammation]
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The form of strabismus in which the visual axes converge; may be paralytic or concomitant, monocular or alternating, accommodative or nonaccommodative.convergent squint, convergent strabismus, esodeviation (2), internal squint; [G. eso, inward, + trope, turn]
A-e. convergent strabismus greater in upward than in downward gaze.
basic e. nonaccommodative e
consecutive e. e. that follows surgical correction of exotropia.
cyclic e. periodic convergent strabismus often occurring every 48 hours.alternate day strabismus;
mixed e. that type of e. in which both accommodative and nonaccommodative factors are present.
nonaccommodative e. that type of e. not influenced by correction of refractive error.basic e;
nonrefractive accommodative e. that type of e. in which an abnormality of the accommodative-convergence mechanism is not eliminated by correction of refractive error.
refractive accommodative e. that type of e. eliminated by correction of hypermetropic refractive error.
V-e. convergent strabismus greater in downward than in upward gaze.
X-e. decreasing convergence from the primary position in both upward and downward gaze.
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Relating to or marked by esotropia.
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Abbreviation for extrasensory perception.
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A type of American leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis that affects the mucous membranes, particularly in the nasal and oral region, resulting in grossly destructive changes; particularly common in Brazil where a significant proportion of persons infected with L. braziliensis develop this condition; may develop metastatically from sores originally found elsewhere on the body.Breda's disease, bubas braziliana; [Sp., fr. L. spongia, sponge]
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Sense of suffocation caused by an inflammatory swelling in the throat, as in suppurative tonsillitis or pharyngitis. [Fr. esquinancie, quinsy]
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Abbreviation for erythrocyte sedimentation rate; electron spin resonance.
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1. The true characteristic or substance of a body. 2. An element. 3. A fluidextract. 4. An alcoholic solution, or spirit, of the volatile oil of a plant. 5. Any volatile substance responsible for odor or taste of the organism (usually a plant) producing it; by extension, synthetic perfumes or flavors. [L. essentia, fr. esse, to be]
essence of rose oil of rose
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1. Necessary, indispensable, (e.g., e. amino acids, e. fatty acids). 2. Characteristic of. 3. Determining. 4. Of unknown etiology. 5. Relating to an essence (e.g., e. oil). 6. intrinsic
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Johannes F.S., Dutch surgeon, 1877-1946. See E. graft, operation.
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C., 20th century U.S. anatomist. See E.'s cell bands, under band.
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See under splint.
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A benzodiazepine compound with sedative/hypnotic properties.
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An organic compound containing the grouping, -X(O)-O-R (X = carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc.; R = radical of an alcohol), formed by the elimination of H2O between the -OH of an acid group and the -OH of an alcohol group; usually written as in ethyl acetate (from acetic acid and ethyl alcohol), CH3CO-OC2H5 or CH3COOC2H5.
carboxylic acid e. specifically, an e. derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; R-CO-R´
Cori e. d-glucose 1-phosphate
Embden e. hexose phosphate;a mixture of d-glucose 6-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate; significant in the understanding of sugar metabolism.
Harden-Young e. d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate;important intermediate in sugar metabolism.
Neuberg e. fructose 6-phosphate
Robison e. d-glucose 6-phosphate
Robison-Embden e. d-glucose 6-phosphate
sugar e. e. of a sugar with an organic or inorganic acid; e.g., d-glucose 6-phosphate.
thiol e. an e. formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR´) e.g., acetyl-coenzyme A.
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A generic term for enzymes (EC class 3.1, hydrolases) that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters.
C1 e. the activated first component of complement (C1).
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The process of forming an ester, as in the reaction of ethanol and acetic acid to form ethyl acetate.
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William L., Jr., U.S. surgeon, 1885-1940. See E. operation.
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The science concerned with the senses and sense organs. [G. aisthema, perception, + logos, study]
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1. perception 2. sensitivity (2) [G. aisthesis, sensation]
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Relating to the mental perception of the existence of any part of the body. [G. aisthesis, sensation]
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1. Sensation, perception. [G. aesthesis, sense perception]
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Conveying sensory impressions.esthesodic; [esthesio- + G. hodos, way]
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The production of sensation, especially of nervous erethism. [esthesio- + G. genesis, origin]
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Producing a sensation.
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1. A description of the organs of sense and of the mechanism of sensation. 2. Mapping out on the skin the areas of tactile and other forms of sensibility. [esthesio- + G. graphe, a writing]
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The science concerned with sensory phenomena. [esthesio- + G. logos, study]
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An instrument for determining the state of tactile and other forms of sensibility.tactometer; [esthesio- + G. metron, measure]
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Measurement of the degree of tactile or other sensibility.
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A neoplasm of immature, poorly differentiated neuronal cells believed to arise from neuroepithelial elements. [esthesio- + neuroblastoma]
olfactory e. olfactory neuroblastoma
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A neoplasm composed of nearly mature neuron-like cells believed to arise from a spinal or cranial ganglia. [esthesio- + neurocytoma]
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The physiology of sensation and the sense organs.
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Examination into the degree and extent of tactile and other forms of sensibility. [esthesio- + G. skopeo, to view]
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esthesiodic
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1. Pertaining to the sensations. 2. Pertaining to esthetics (i.e., beauty). [G. aisthesis, sensation]
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The branch of philosophy concerned with art and beauty, especially with the components thereof.
denture e. 1. the cosmetic effect produced by a dental prosthesis; 2. the qualities involved in the appearance of a given restoration.
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1. A measurement or a statement about the value of some quantity that is known, believed, or suspected to incorporate some degree of error. 2. The result of applying any estimator to a random sample of data. It is not a random variable but a realization of one, a fixed quantity, and it has no variance although commonly it also furnishes an estimate of what the variance of the estimator is. (Not to be confused with an estimator, which is a prescription for obtaining an estimate.) [L. aestimo, pp. aestimatum, to appraise]
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Any non-trivial statistical procedure that assigns to an unknown quantity (parameter) a plausible value on the basis of appropriate and pertinent data collected in a proper random sample.
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A prescription for obtaining an estimate from a random sample of data. An e. is a procedure, not a result, and therefore is a random variable and has a variance. For instance an e. of the mean weight in adult men may consist of the prescription "Add up the weights of 100 men and divide by 100." The actual outcome (the estimate) will vary from sample to sample, but one answer will not be a random variable.
least squares e. the prescription "Assign to the unknown parameter the value that minimizes the mean of the squares of the residual errors".
maximum likelihood e. the prescription "Assign to the unknown parameter that value that maximizes the likelihood for the sample". For many problems this procedure is an optimal one.
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Relating to or occurring in the summer.aestival; [L. aestivus, summer (adj.)]
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Living through the summer in a quiescent, torpid state. Cf. hibernation.
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Relating to or occurring in summer and autumn. [L. aestivus, summer (adj.), + autumnalis, autumnal]
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Jakob A., Finnish surgeon, 1831-1881. See E. flap, operation.
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beta-estradiol; 17beta-estradiol; 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol;the most potent naturally occurring estrogen in mammals, formed by the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex; therapeutic indications for e. are those typical of an estrogen. a-Estradiol, (17a-estradiol), exhibits considerably less biologic activity. E. is used in the treatment of menstrual disorders, menopause problems, etc.estrogenic hormone, oestradiol;
e. benzoate fatty acid esters of 17beta-estradiol usually dissolved in oil for injection purposes; such esters exhibit a longer duration of action than does the unesterified steroid.
e. cypionate has the same actions and uses as e. but a prolonged duration of action; administered in oil by intramuscular injection.
e. dipropionate an esterified natural estrogen for parenteral use.
ethinyl e. ethynyl e
ethynyl e. 17a-ethynyl-1,3,5-estratriene-3,17-diol;a semisynthetic derivative of 17beta-estradiol; active by mouth, with a long half-life, it is among the most potent of known estrogenic compounds; used in oral contraceptive preparations.ethinyl e;
e. undecylate an esterified natural estrogen for parenteral use.
e. valerate estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17beta-diol 17-valerate;same actions and uses as e., but with a prolonged duration of action; administered in sesame oil by intramuscular injection.
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tarragon oil
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Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol(17beta)-, 3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate] 17-(dihydrogen phosphate), disodium salt;an antineoplastic agent that combines the actions of estrogen and nitrogen mustard in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
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Hypothetical parent hydrocarbon of the (steroid) estrogenic compounds whose names begin with "estr-" (estradiol, estrone, estriol); conceived to establish a systematic nomenclature.
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1,3,5(10)-Estratriene;the hypothetical triply-unsaturated estrane that is the nucleus of most naturally occurring estrogenic steroids in animals.
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estrogen
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estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16a,17beta-triol;an estrogenic metabolite of estradiol, usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite found in urine (especially during pregnancy); epimers at C-16, C-17, or both are known as 16-epiestriol, etc.folliculin hydrate, oestriol, trihydroxyestrin;
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dienestrol
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Generic term for any substance, natural or synthetic, that exerts biological effects characteristic of estrogenic hormones such as estradiol. E.'s are formed by the ovary, placenta, testes, and possibly the adrenal cortex, as well as by certain plants; stimulate secondary sexual characteristics, and exert systemic effects, such as growth and maturation of long bones; and are used therapeutically in any disorder attributable to e. deficiency or amenable to e. therapy, such as menstrual disorders and menopausal problems. They control the course of the menstrual cycle. Used in certain treatments of coronary disorders in women.estrin, oestrogen; [G. oistrus, estrus, + -gen, producing]
catechol e. any 2-hydroxylated derivative of an e.; they, with their methylated derivatives, can account for up to one-half of all excreted e. metabolites.
conjugated e. an amorphous preparation of naturally occurring, water-soluble, conjugated forms of mixed e.'s obtained from the urine of pregnant mares; the principal e. present is sodium estrone sulfate; suitable for parenteral, oral, and topical administration, and used in conditions responsive to e. therapy.
esterified e.'s a mixture of the sodium salts of sulfate esters of estrogenic substances; used for oral e. therapy.
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1. Causing estrus in animals. 2. Having an action similar to that of an estrogen.
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A mycotoxic disease of pigs associated with eating moldy feeds containing the fungus Fusarium graminearum; the causative toxin is zeralenone, which produces a form of vulvovaginitis.
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3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one;a metabolite of 17beta-estradiol, commonly found in urine, ovaries, and placenta; with considerably less biological activity than the parent hormone.follicular hormone, folliculin, ketohydroxyestrin, oestrone;
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Pertaining to estrus.estrual;
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estrous
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That portion or phase of the sexual cycle of female animals characterized by willingness to permit coitus; readily detectable behavioral and other signs are exhibited by animals during this period.heat (2); [G. oistros, mad desire]
postpartum e. e. with ovulation and corpus luteum production which occurs in some animals (e.g., the fur seal) immediately following the birth of the young.
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Abbreviation for electrostatic unit.
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Abbreviation for electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy; extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
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USAN-approved contraction for ethanesulfonate, CH3CH2SO3-.
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Abbreviation for ethyl.
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The seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. 1. In chemistry, denotes the position seven atoms from the carboxyl group or other primary functional group. 2. Symbol for viscosity.
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l-N-Ethylephedrine hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug.
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2´-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]-3-phenylpropiophenone hydrochloride;a coronary vasodilator.
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ethamsylate
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A condition or state. [Fr. state]
e. criblé (a-tah´kri-bla) in neuropathology, a term describing perivascular atrophy of cerebral tissue, producing lacunae. [Fr. sieve]
e. mamelonné the condition of the gastric mucous membrane in chronic inflammation, when it presents numerous nodular projections. [Fr. knobby, tubercular]
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Abbreviation for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
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6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate;an antiseptic for treatment of wounds.acrinol;
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Sodium salt of ethacrynic acid for parenteral use.
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[2,3-Dichloro-4-(2-methylenebutyryl)phenoxy]acetic acid;an unsaturated ketone derivative of aryloxyacetic acid; a potent diuretic and a weak antihypertensive;
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3-Ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione;an anticonvulsant.
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(+)-2,2´-(Ethylenedimino)-di(1-butanol) dihydrochloride;a tuberculostatic, effective against organisms resistant to other tuberculostatic drugs; a serious reaction is visual impairment which, however, appears to be reversible.
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N,N-Diethylvanillamide; 3-methoxyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid diethylamide;a central nervous system stimulant and analeptic, once used as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of severe respiratory depression due to barbiturates and carbon dioxide retention.
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1-[p-(2-Diethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylethanol;the prototype antiestrogen that inhibits the effects of estrogen to its specific cellular receptors; the two most widely structurally related antiestrogens are clomiphene citrate and tamoxifen.
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2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid compound with diethylamine;a hemostatic agent.cyclonamine, etamsylate;
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acetaldehyde
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CH3CH3;a constituent of natural and "bottled" gases.
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ethylenediamine
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cyanogen
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acetic acid
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alcohol (2)
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HO(CH2)2NH2; beta-Hydroxyethylamine; colamine; 2-aminoethanol;used to prepare e. oleate, a sclerosing agent.
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A transferase that catalyzes the reaction of CDP-ethanolamine with a 1,2-diacylglycerol to yield CMP and a phosphatidylethanolamine; a key step in phospholipid biosynthesis.phosphorylethanolamine glyceridetransferase;
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6,7-diethoxy-1-(3,4-diethoxybenzyl)-isoquinoline hydrochloride;a smooth muscle relaxant.ethylpapaverine hydrochloride;
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Ethyl beta-chlorovinyl ethynyl carbinol;an obsolete hypnotic.
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vinyl
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styrene
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vinylene
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1. Any organic compound in which two carbon atoms are independently linked to a common oxygen atom, thus containing the group -C-O-C-. See also epoxy. 2. Loosely used to refer to diethyl e. or an anesthetic e., although a large number of e.'s have anesthetic properties. For individual e.'s, see the specific name. [G. aither, the pure upper air]
anesthetic e. general designation for many e.'s.
glycol e.'s chemicals such as ethylene glycol monomethyl e. and ethylene glycol monoethyl e.; they are teratogens which induce testicular atrophy in animals.
solvent e. a fairly pure form of e. (C4H10O) but not sufficiently pure for anesthesia; used as a solvent.
xylostyptic e. styptic collodion
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Relating to or containing ether. [G. aitherios, etherial, fr. aither, the upper air]
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Conversion of an alcohol into an ether.
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Administration of diethyl ether to produce anesthesia.
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Aethiazidum; 6-chloro-3-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic.
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Relating to ethics; in conformity with the rules governing personal and professional conduct.
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The branch of philosophy that deals with the distinction between right and wrong, with the moral consequences of human actions. [G. ethikos, arising from custom, fr. ethos, custom]
medical e. the principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, patients, and fellow practitioners, as well as the physician's actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families.
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ethylidene
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homidium bromide
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A sensitive fluorochrome that binds to DNA; used in cytochemistry and electrophoresis.
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1-Ethynylcyclohexyl carbamate;a mild central nervous system depressant.
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(e-thin´dron) ethisterone
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ethynyl
e. trichloride trichloroethylene
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lynestrenol
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An iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of the fatty acid of poppyseed oil; a radiopaque medium formerly used in diagnostic radiology.
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2-Ethylisothionicotinamide;a drug used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; given only with other antituberculous agents because bacterial resistance develops when it is administered alone.
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S-Ethyl-l-homocysteine;a methionine analogue and antagonist, differing in the presence of an S-ethyl group in place of the S-methyl group.
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17a-ethynyltestosterone;an orally effective semisynthetic steroid that has biological effects similar to those of progesterone.ethindrone, pregneninolone;
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Combining form denoting: 1. Ethmoid. 2. The ethmoid bone. [G. ethmos, sieve]
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Relating to the ethmoid bone and the cranium as a whole.
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Relating to the ethmoid and the frontal bones.
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1. Resembling a sieve. 2. Relating to the e. bone.ethmoidal; [G. ethmos, sieve, + eidos, resemblance]
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ethmoid
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A cephalometric point in the anterior cranial fossa located at the lowest sagittal point of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
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Removal of all or part of the mucosal lining and bony partitions between the ethmoid sinuses. [ethmo- + G. ektome, excision]
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Inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses.
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Relating to the ethmoid and the lacrimal bones.
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Relating to the ethmoid and the maxillary bones.
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Relating to the ethmoid and the nasal bones.
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Relating to the ethmoid and the palate bones.
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Relating to the ethmoid and sphenoid bones.
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The conchae of the ethmoid bone; the superior and middle conchae; occasionally a third, the supreme concha, exists.
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Relating to the ethmoid bone and the vomer.
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A social group characterized by a distinctive social and cultural tradition maintained from generation to generation, a common history and origin and a sense of identification with the group; members of the group have distinctive features in their way of life, shared experiences and often a common genetic heritage; these features may be reflected in their experience of health and disease.
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The tendency to evaluate other groups according to the values and standards of one's own ethnic group, especially with the conviction that one's own ethnic group is superior to the other groups. [G. ethnos, race, tribe, + kentron, center of a circle]
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The science that compares human culture and/or races; cultural anthropology.
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The study of differences in response to drugs based on varied ethnicity; pharmacogenetics.
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Ethyl hexahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylazepinecarboxylate citrate;an analgesic.
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2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol; octylene glycol;used as an insect repellent.
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A specialist in ethology.
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The study of animal behavior. [G. ethos, character, habit, + logos, study]
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2-(butylaminomethyl)-8-ethoxy-1,4-benzodioxan;an antianxiety agent.ethoxybutamoxane;
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The study of drug effects on behavior, relying on observation and description of species-specific elements (acts and postures during social encounters). [G. ethos, character, habit, + pharmacology]
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10-(2-diethylaminopropyl)-phenothiazine hydrochloride;an anticholinergic agent with some antihistaminic and ganglionic blocking activity.profenamine hydrochloride;
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2-Ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide; a,a-ethylmethylsuccinimide;an anticonvulsant used in the control of absence epilepsy; bone marrow damage and aplastic anemia may occasionally occur.
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3-Ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin;an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of generalized tonic clonic epilepsy.
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etymemazine
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4-[(p-Ethoxyphenyl)azo]-m-phenylened iamine monohydrochloride;an azo compound.
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The monovalent radical, CH3CH2O-.
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ethomoxane
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6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide;a diuretic related chemically and pharmacologically to acetazolamide.
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The hydrocarbon radical, CH3CH2-.
e. alcohol alcohol (2)
e. aminobenzoate benzocaine
e. biscoumacetate ethyl 4,4´-dihydroxydicoumarin-3,3´-ylacetate;an anticoagulant chemically related to bishydroxycoumarin.
e. butyrate CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3;used in perfumery.
e. carbamate urethan
e. chloride a very volatile explosive liquid (under increased pressure); produces local anesthesia by superficial freezing, but also is a potent inhalation anesthetic.chloroethane;
e. formate a volatile, flammable liquid used as a fumigant, agricultural larvicide, and fungicide; also used as a flavor.
e. oleate an alternative vehicle in injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate, menaphthone, etc.
e. oxide diethyl ether
e. salicylate the salicylic acid ester of e. alcohol, with the same action as methyl salicylate.
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A compound in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of ethanol is replaced by a metallic atom, usually sodium or potassium; e.g., C2H5ONa, sodium ethylate.
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3-Diphenylmethoxy-8-ethyl-1aH,5aH-nortropane;an anticholinergic agent.
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An ethyl ether of cellulose, used as a tablet binder.
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C2H5AsCl2;a blister agent used in World War I; irritating to the respiratory tract.
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CH2CH2;an explosive constituent of ordinary illuminating gas; hastens ripening of fruit.
e. oxide a fumigant, used for sterilizing surgical instruments.oxirane;
e. tetrachloride tetrachlorethylene
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H2N(CH2)2NH2;a volatile colorless liquid of ammoniacal odor and caustic taste; the dihydrochloride is used as a urinary acidifier.ethanediamine;
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(HOOC-CH2)2N(CH2) 2N(CH2-COOH)2;a chelating agent used to remove multivalent cations from solution as chelates, and used in biochemical research to remove Mg2+, Fe2+, etc., from reactions affected by such ions. As the sodium salt, used as a water softener, to stabilize drugs rapidly decomposed in the presence of traces of metal ions, and as an anticoagulant; as the sodium calcium salt, used to remove radium, lead, strontium, plutonium, and cadmium from the skeleton, forming stable un-ionized soluble compounds that are excreted by the kidneys. Cf. EGTA. edathamil, edetic acid;
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Compound used in antiknock gasolines. Severe skin irritant; may cause blistering. Inhalation causes delayed pulmonary lesions. Prolonged exposure may also result in liver and kidney injury. May be a human carcinogen.
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See glycol (2) .
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17a-Ethyl-4-estren-17beta-ol;a semisynthetic orally effective anabolic steroid.
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diethyl ether
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brilliant green
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The radical CH3CH=.ethidene;
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The radical CH3C=.
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The ethyl ether of morphine; an antispasmodic, antitussive, and analgesic, used locally as an irritant lymphagogue in chronic catarrhal middle ear disease, atrophic rhinitis, and painful ocular diseases (iritis, corneal ulcer, etc.).
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a-(1-Aminopropyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol;a sympathomimetic, used in asthma; it does not raise the blood pressure.
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ethaverine hydrochloride
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Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate;an antifungal preservative.
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(2-Phenylbutyryl)urea;an anticonvulsant.
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etilefrine hydrochloride
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A synthetic organic compound of antimony.Fourneau 693;
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17a-Ethynyl-4-estrene-3beta, 17beta-diol;a semisynthetic orally effective steroid with biological effects that largely resemble those of progesterone; in addition, it is weakly estrogenic and androgenic; administered in combination with an estrogen as an oral contraceptive.
e. diacetate 3,17-diacetate of ethynodiol;an antifertility agent, usually used in combination with mestranol.
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The monovalent radical HC=C-.acetenyl, ethinyl;
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(±)-2-(Ethylpropylamino)-2´,6´-butyroxylidide;a local anesthetic.
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Phosphoric acid, (1-hydroxyethylidene)-bis-, disodium salt;a drug that affects bone resorption, used in the treatment of Paget's disease, heterotopic ossification, and hypercalcemia of malignancy.
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(1-Hydroxyethylidene)bis(phosphonic acid);used as a calcium regulator, usually as the salt etidronate disodium.
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A sympathomimetic amine vasopressor agent.ethylphenylephrine hydrochloride;
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1. Prefix used with (for example) cholane to indicate replacement of the C-17 side chain by H; thus, etiocholane is the 5beta isomer of androstane. 2. Combining form meaning cause. [G. aitia, cause]
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3a-Hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one;a metabolite of adrenocortical and testicular hormones, and an important urinary 17-ketosteroid; produces fever when given to human beings.
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Of a causal nature. [G. aitia, cause, + genesis, production]
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Subjected to, or characterized by, etiolation.
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1. Paleness or pallor resulting from absence of light, as in persons confined because of illness or imprisonment, or in plants bleached by being deprived of light. 2. The process of blanching, bleaching, or making pale by withholding light. [Fr. étioler, to blanch]
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Relating to etiology.
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1. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation. Cf. pathogenesis. 2. The science of causes, causality; in common usage, cause. [G. aitia, cause, + logos, treatise, discourse]
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Relating to specific lesions concerned with the cause of a disease. [G. aitia, cause, + pathos, disease]
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Consideration of the cause of an abnormal state or finding. [G. aitia, cause, + pathology]
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A porphyrin derivative characterized by the presence on each of the four pyrrole rings of one methyl group and one ethyl group; four isomeric forms are thus possible.
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Directed against the cause; denoting a remedy that attenuates or destroys the causal factor of a disease. [G. aitia, cause, + trope, a turning]
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An intraluminal amebicide similar to teclozan and diloxanide.
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R-(+)-1-(a-Methylbenzyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate;a potent intravenous depressant.
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4´-Demethylpipodophyllotoxin 9-[4,6-O-(R)-ethylidene-beta-d-glucopyranoside;a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin; a mitotic inhibitor used in the treatment of refractory testicular tumors and small cell lung cancer.
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Tetrahydro-7a-(1-hydroxy-1-methylbutyl)-6,14-endo-ethenooripavine;a narcotic analgesic.
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3-Methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-&Udelta;2,a-thiazolidineacetic acid ethyl ester;a diuretic.
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Abbreviation for electron transport particles, under particle.
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2,4,6,8-Nonatetraenoic acid;a retinoid used in the treatment of severe recalcitrant psoriasis.
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10-(3-dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)-2-ethylphenothiazine;an antihistaminic.ethotrimeprazine;
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Symbol for europium.
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Good, well; opposite of dys-, caco-. [G.]
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Genes having different nucleotide substitutions at the same position. Cf. heteroalleles.
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An obsolete name for an order of bacteria which contained simple, undifferentiated, rigid cells which were either spheres or straight rods. It contained motile (peritrichous) and nonmotile, Gram-negative and Gram-positive, and sporeforming and nonsporeforming species. The order contained 13 families: Achromobacteriaceae, Azotobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Brucellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Micrococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, and Rhizobacteriaceae.
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A genus of anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile bacteria containing straight or curved Gram-positive rods which usually occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Usually these organisms attack carbohydrates. They may be pathogenic. Rarely associated with intraabdominal sepsis in humans. The type species is E. limosum.
E. aerofa´ciens a species infrequently found in human intestines; pathogenic for mice.
E. bifor´me a species that occurs infrequently in human intestines; pathogenic for rabbits but not for mice.
E. combe´si a species from forest soil found in an area then called French West Africa; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. Formerly called Cillobacterium combesi.
E. contor´tum a species found in cases of putrid, gangrenous appendicitis and in the intestines.
E. crispa´tum former name for Lactobacillus crispatus.
E. discifor´mans a species found in cases of fetid suppurations in empyema, pulmonary gangrene, liver abscess, and dermatosis; occurs commonly in the respiratory system, the liver, and the skin; pathogenic for man, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice.
E. ethyl´icum a species found in a case of gastritis; occurs infrequently in the human stomach.
E. filamento´sum former name for Clostridium ramosum.
E. len´tum a species occurring commonly in the feces of normal persons.
E. limo´sum a species that occurs in human feces and presumably in the feces of other warm-blooded animals. The type species of the genus.
E. minu´tum a species that occurs infrequently in the intestines of breast-fed infants; it was originally found in a case of infant diarrhea; it is pathogenic for mice.
E. monilifor´me a species found rarely in the human respiratory system; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs, causing death in eight days. Formerly called Cillobacterium moniliforme.
E. multifor´me a species isolated from the feces of a dog and from soil from equatorial Africa; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs. Formerly called Cillobacterium multiforme.
E. nio´sii a species that occurs in the respiratory tract; pathogenic for rabbits and guinea pigs.
E. par´vum a species found in the large intestine of a horse and in a case of acute appendicitis; it occurs infrequently in the intestines of foals and of humans, and is not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
E. plau´ti Fusobacterium plauti
E. poeciloi´des a species infrequently found in human intestines; originally found in a case of intestinal occlusion; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits.
E. pseudotortuo´sum a species found in a case of purulent, acute appendicitis; occurs uncommonly in the intestines.
E. quar´tum a species found in cases of infantile diarrhea; occurs in the intestines of children, but is rather uncommon.
E. quin´tum a species found in cases of infantile diarrhea; pathogenic for guinea pigs.
E. recta´le a species found in association with a rectal ulcer; occurs in the rectum.
E. ten´ue a species isolated from dog feces; its pathogenicity is unknown; formerly called Cillobacterium tenue.
E. tortuo´sum a species found infrequently in the intestines of humans.
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The science of hygienic living. [eu- + G. biotikos, relating to life]
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Obsolete word for normal body metabolism.
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beta-Eucaine; 2,2,6-trimethyl-4-piperidinol benzoate;a local anesthetic.
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cineole
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The dried leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (family Myrtaceae), the blue gum or Australian fever tree.
e. oil the volatile oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaf of Eucalyptus globulus or some other species of Eucalyptus; contains not less than 70% of eucalyptol; used as an antiseptic and expectorant.
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A state in which the arterial carbon dioxide pressure is optimal. See also normocapnia. [eu- + G. kapnos, vapor]
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eukaryote [eu- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]
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eukaryotic
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Ammonium caseinate prepared by passing ammonia gas over finely powdered dry casein; added as a concentrated food to bouillon, chocolate, etc.
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1,2,2,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinol mandelate hydrochloride; a mydriatic;it produces no anesthesia, pain, or increased intraocular pressure.
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Cestoda
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A condition in which free hydrochloric acid exists in normal amount in the gastric juice. [eu- + cholohydric (acid) + -ia]
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A normal state of the bile as regards quantity and quality. [eu- + G. chole, bile]
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1. orthochromatic 2. Characteristic of euchromatin.
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The parts of chromosomes that, during interphase, are uncoiled dispersed threads and not stained by ordinary dyes; metabolically active, in contrast to the inert heterochromatin.
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autosome
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Normal functioning of the adrenal cortex.
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1. Obsolete term for homeostasis. 2. Obsolete term for a condition of reduced susceptibility to the adverse effects of certain drugs, articles of diet, etc. [G. eukrasia, good temperament, fr. eu, well, + krasis, a mixing]
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euprocin hydrochloride
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A feeling of well-being or happiness. [eu- + G. daimon, destiny]
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Normal free sweating. [eu- + G. diaphoresis, perspiration]
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Ordinary mild thirst. [eu- + G. dipsa, thirst]
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Former term for the protozoan flagellates now included in the subphylum Mastigophora.
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Relating to eugenics.
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eugenol
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Practices and policies, as of mate selection or of sterilization, that tend to better the innate qualities of progeny and human stock. 2. Practices and genetic counseling directed to anticipating genetic disability and disease.orthogenics; [G. eugeneia, nobility of birth, fr. eu, well, + genesis, production]
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"The aggregate of the most favorable conditions for healthy and happy existence" (Galton).
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4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol;obtained from oil of cloves; used in dentistry with zinc oxide as an analgesic and as a base for impression materials; also used in perfumery as a substitute for oil of cloves.eugenic acid;
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A widespread genus of photosynthesizing free-living fresh water flagellates (family Euglinidae). [eu- + G. glene, eyeball]
E. grac´ilis an abundant species sometimes used in assaying vitamin B12 concentrations of serum and urine in various types of anemia.
E. vir´idis a species that inhabits stagnant pools, often in great numbers.
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A family of green (phytomonad) flagellates (subphylum Mastigophora, class Phytomastigophorea).
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That fraction of the serum globulin less soluble in (NH4)2SO4 solution than the pseudoglobulin fraction.
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A normal blood glucose concentration.normoglycemia; [eu- + G. glykys, sweet, + haima, blood]
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Denoting, characteristic of, or promoting euglycemia.normoglycemic;
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An abnormality that is limited to the teeth and their immediate alveolar supports.eugnathic anomaly; [eu- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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Normal ability to synthesize sensory stimuli. [eu- + G. gnosis, perception]
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A term used to indicate that the growth of a bacterial culture is rapid and relatively luxuriant; used especially in reference to the growth of cultures of the human tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). See also dysgonic. [G. eugonos, productive, fr. eu, well, + gonos, seed, offspring]
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An order of gregarines (subclass Gregarinia), reproducing only by sporogony, in which schizogony is absent; they are parasites of annelids and arthropods. [eu- + L. gregarius, gregarious]
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Normal state of body water content; absence of absolute or relative hydration or dehydration.
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A superkingdom of organisms characterized by eukaryotic cells; acellular members (kingdom Protoctista) are characterized by a single eukaryotic unit; more complex (multicellular) members have been assigned to the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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1. A cell containing a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes of DNA, RNA, and proteins, mostly large (10-100 mum), with cell division involving a form of mitosis in which mitotic spindles (or some microtubule arrangement) are involved; mitochondria are present, and, in photosynthetic species, plastids are found; undulipodia (cilia or flagella) are of the complex 9+2 organization of tubulin and various proteins. Possession of a e. type of cell characterizes the four kingdoms above the Monera or prokaryote level of complexity: Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, combined into the superkingdom Eukaryotae. 2. Common name for members of the Eukaryotae.eucaryote; [eu- + G. karyon, kernel, nut]
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Pertaining to or characteristic of a eukaryote.eucaryotic;
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Hard keratin present in hair, wool, horn, nails, etc.
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Normal movement. [eu- + G. kinesis, movement]
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Albert, German neurologist, 1840-1917. See E.'s disease.
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The most abundant type of human melanin, found in brown and black skin and hair; cross-linked polymers of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles, usually linked to proteins; levels are decreased in certain types of albinism. [eu- + G. melos (melan-), black]
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melanosome
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Graduation of the strength of nerve impulses to match the need. [G. moderation, goodness of meter]
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Preservation of the natural form of a cell. [eu- + G. morphe, shape]
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The true fungi. [eu- + G. mykes, fungus]
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Microscopic animal forms, frequently known as slime animals, that consist of an irregular semifluid mass of multinucleated ameboid protoplasm; although grouped as a class of the superclass Rhizopoda (subphylum Sarcodina), some of the mycetozoan forms closely resemble certain species of pseudomycetes and are sometimes classified as members of the Myxomycetes, the slime molds. See also Proteomyxidia. [eu- + G. mykes (myket-), fungus, + zoon, animal]
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Rarely used term denoting a normal mental state. [G. goodwill, fr. eu, well, + nous, mind]
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A male individual whose testes have been removed or have never developed. [G. eunouchos, chamberlain, fr. eune, bed, + echein, to have]
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1. The state of being a eunuch; absence of the testes or failure of the gonads to develop or function with consequent lack of reproductive and sexual function and of development of secondary sex characteristics. 2. eunuchoidism
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Resembling, or having the general characteristics of, a eunuch; usually indicating the physical habitus of a male in whom hypogonadism occurred before puberty. [G. eunouchos, eunuch, + eidos, resembling]
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A state in which testes are present but fail to function normally; may be of gonadal or pituitary origin.eunuchism (2), male hypogonadism;
hypergonadotropic e. e. of gonadal origin, commonly accompanied by enhanced levels of pituitary gonadotropins in the blood and urine, as in Klinefelter's syndrome.
hypogonadotropic e. hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
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1. A pleasant odor. 2. Normal olfaction. [eu- + G. osme, smell]
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The state of normal pancreatic digestive function.
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A medium for mounting histologic specimens, composed of sandarac, eucalyptol, paraldehyde, camphor, and phenyl salicylate.
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A genus of nonpathogenic flukes (family Echinostomatidae), several species of which have been reported from the intestines of humans. [eu- + G. paryphe, a border]
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1-Benzyl-3-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline;a smooth muscle relaxant.
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Good digestion. [G., fr. eu, well, + pepsis, digestion]
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Digesting well; having a good digestion.
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A peptide containing normal peptide bonds (between a-carboxyl groups and a-amino groups). Cf. isopeptide, peptide. [G. eu-, normal, usual + peptide]
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Modification of the internal or external environment of an individual so as to prevent or modify the phenotypic expression of a genetic defect, without changing the genotype or the inheritance. [eu- + G. phaino, to show forth]
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A species of plant (family Euphorbiaceae); the dried herb used in asthma, coryza and other respiratory affections, in angina pectoris, and as an antispasmodic.asthma-weed (2);
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euphoriant
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A feeling of well-being, commonly exaggerated and not necessarily well founded. [eu- + G. phero, to bear]
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1. Having the capability to produce a sense of well-being. 2. An agent with such a capability.euphoretic;
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The state of cells or tissue that is normal or typical for that particular type. [eu- + G. plasso, form]
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1. Relating to euplasia. 2. Healing readily and well. [G. euplastos, easily molded; eu, well, + plastos, formed]
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Relating to euploidy.
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The state of a cell containing whole haploid sets. [eu- + G. -ploos, -fold]
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Easy, free respiration; the type observed in a normal individual under resting conditions. [G. eupnoia, fr. eu, well, + pnoia, breath]
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Normal ability to perform coordinated movements. [eu- + G. praxis, a doing]
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Hydrocupreine isopentyl ether;a derivative of quinine.eucupine;
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A genus of moths. The hairs of the cocoon and caterpillar of the species E. chrysorrhoea, the brown-tail moth, cause caterpillar dermatitis. [eu- + G. proktos, rump]
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Harmonious body relationships of the separate organs. [eu- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]
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An element of the rare earth (lanthanide) group, atomic no. 63, atomic wt. 151.965. [L. Europa, Europe]
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Broad, wide; opposite of steno-. [G. eurys, wide]
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Having an abnormally broad head; sometimes used in reference to a brachycephalic head. [eury- + G. kephale, head]
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Having a wide jaw.eurygnathous;
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The condition of having a wide jaw. [eury- + G. gnathos, jaw]
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eurygnathic
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The extremity, on either side, of the greatest transverse diameter of the head; a point used in craniometry. [G. eurys, broad]
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Wide-eyed. See blepharodiastasis. [eury- + G. ops, eye]
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Having a thick-set body. [eury- + G. soma, body]
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An instrument for showing on a screen an enlarged image from a microscope. [eu- + G. skopeo, to view]
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Simulium [eu- + L. simulo, to simulate]
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Described by or attributed to Eustachio.
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Bartolommeo E., Italian anatomist, 1524-1574. See eustachian catheter, eustachian cushion, eustachian tonsil, tuba eustachiana, eustachian tube, eustachian tuber, eustachian valve.
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eustachian tube.
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Normal strength. [eu- + G. sthenos, strength]
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Former name for Dioctophyma. [eu- + G. strongylos, rounded]
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A condition in which the cardiac systole is normal in force and time. [eu- + systole]
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Relating to eusystole.
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1. Easily melted; denoting specifically mixtures of certain chemical compounds that have a lower melting point than any of their individual ingredients; e.g., a solid, such as menthol, that when triturated with another solid of the same class, such as camphor, unites with it to form a liquid, the mixture having a lower melting point than either of its components. 2. The alloy that freezes at a constant temperature; the lowest of the series. [eu- + G. texis, a melting away]
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1. A quiet, painless death. 2. The intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy. [eu- + G. thanatos, death]
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The science concerned with establishing optimum living conditions for plants, animals, or humans, especially through proper provisioning and environment. [G. eutheneo, to thrive]
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Having excellent curative properties.
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A subclass of mammals, excluding monotremes and marsupials, having a placenta through which the young are nourished. [eu- + G. therion, animal]
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At an optimal temperature. [eu- + G. thermos, warm]
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1. Joyfulness; mental peace and tranquility. 2. Moderation of mood, not manic or depressed. [eu- + G. thymos, mind]
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Relating to, or characterized by, euthymia.
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A condition in which the thyroid gland is functioning normally, its secretion being of proper amount and constitution.
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A modified ophthalmoscope, now seldom used, with which the site of excentric fixation may be dazzled by a bright light while the true fovea is simultaneously shielded by an opaque disk; used in pleoptics. [G. euthys, straight, + skopeo, to view]
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Examination with the euthyscope.
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normotonic (1) [eu- + G. tonus, tone]
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A normal growth of healthy hair. [eu- + G. thrix, hair]
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A state of normal nourishment and growth.eutrophy; [G. fr. eu, well, + trophe, nourishment]
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Relating to, characterized by, or promoting eutrophia.
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eutrophia
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Normal water content or volume of a given compartment; e.g., extracellular e.
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Abbreviation for electron-volt.
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1. Promoting an excretion, especially of the bowels. 2. An agent that increases excretion, especially a cathartic.
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To accomplish evacuation. [L. e-vacuo, pp. -vacuatus, to empty out]
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1. Removal of material, especially wastes from the bowels by defecation. 2. stool (2) 3. Removal of air from a closed vessel; production of a vacuum.
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A mechanical evacuant; an instrument for the removal of fluid or small particles from a body cavity, or of impacted feces from the rectum.
Ellik e. a special instrument with glass receptacle, latex or plastic bulb, and flexible tubing, used to evacuate tissue fragments, blood clots, or calculi from the urinary bladder.
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Protrusion of some part or organ from its normal position. [L. e, out, + vagina, sheath]
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Systematic, objective assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, and impact of activities in the light of specified objectives.
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Of short duration. [L. e, out, + vanesco, to vanish]
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H.M., U.S. anatomist and physiologist, 1882-1971. See Evans blue.
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Robert S., U.S. physician, *1912. See E.'s syndrome.
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C34H24N6Na4O14S4; tetrasodium salt of 4,4´-bis[7-(1-amino-8-hydroxy-2,4-disulfo)naphthylazo]-3,3´-bitolyl;a diazo dye used for the determination of the blood volume on the basis of the dilution of a standard solution of the dye in the plasma after its intravenous injection; it binds to proteins and is also used as a vital stain for following diffusion through blood vessel walls.azovan blue;
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See under forceps.
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To cause or undergo evaporation.volatilize;
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1. A change from liquid to vapor form. 2. Loss of volume of a liquid by conversion into vapor.volatilization; [L. e, out, + vaporare, to emit vapor]
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The act of escaping, avoiding, or feigning.
macular e. horror fusionis
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1. Protrusion of omentum and/or intestine through an opening in the abdominal wall.evisceration (3); 2. Removal of the contents of the abdominal cavity. [L. e, out, + venter, belly]
e. of the diaphragm extreme elevation of a half or part of the diaphragm, which is usually atrophic and abnormally thin.
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A turning outward, as of the eyelid or foot. [L. e-everto, pp. -versus, to overturn]
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To turn outward. [L. e-verto, to overturn]
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Obsolete term for the scraping out of morbid tissue from a natural or pathologic cavity. [Fr. évider, to scoop out]
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Disease, especially of animals.
joint e. joint ill
king's e. historic term for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula) which was formerly thought to be curable by the touch of a king.
poll e. suppurative inflammation of the cranial nuchal (atlantal) bursa that lies between the atlas and the cranial end of the ligamentum nuchae in the horse.
quarter e. blackleg
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1. emasculation 2. Loss or absence of the masculine, with acquisition of feminine characteristics; a type of effemination. 3. Delusional belief of a man that he has become a woman. [L. e, out, + vir, man]
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1. exenteration 2. Removal of the contents of the eyeball, leaving the sclera and sometimes the cornea. 3. eventration (1) [L. eviscero, to disembowel]
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Evisceration of the eye with division of the optic nerve. [L. eviscero, to disembowel, + G. neuron, nerve, + tome, a cutting]
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Induction of a particular tissue produced by the action of an evocator during embryogenesis. [L. evoco, pp. evocatus, to call forth, evoke]
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A factor in the control of morphogenesis in the early embryo.
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A continuing process of change from one state, condition or form to another. 2. A progressive distancing between the genotype and the phenotype in a line of descent. [L. e-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll out]
biologic e. the doctrine that all forms of animal or plant life have been derived by gradual changes from simpler forms and ultimately unicellular organisms.organic e;
chemical e. the theory of the process by which life arose from inorganic matter.
coincidental e. concerted e
concerted e. the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus.coincidental e;
convergent e. the evolutionary development of similar structures in two or more species, often widely separated phylogenetically, in response to similarities of environment; for example, the wing-like structures in insects, birds, and flying mammals.
Darwinian e. the proposition that the phylogeny of all species is wholly ascribable to the combined effects of random variation (mutation) in genotypes of the members of a stock as a result of the operation of undirected accidents with consequences to their phenotypes and the operation of preferential (but by no means certain) survival of those resulting phenotypes most suited to survive in the contemporary environment. The proposed system survives largely because of genetic factors that avidly conserve the ontogeny of the stock.
Denman's spontaneous e. a mechanism of spontaneous molding of the fetus and impaction of the shoulder with prolapse of the arm noted in some cases of transverse lie; vaginal delivery is achieved with the breech appearing at the vulva immediately after the prolapsed shoulder.
divergent e. the process by which a species or gene product gives rise to two or more different products.
Douglas' spontaneous e. a mechanism whereby molding of the fetus and impaction of the shoulder and prolapsed arm occurs in transverse lie, allowing vaginal delivery with the lateral aspect of the thorax following the prolapsed shoulder.
emergent e. appearance of a property in a complex system e.g., organism that could have been predicted only with difficulty, or perhaps not at all, from a knowledge and understanding of the individual genotype changes taken separately.
organic e. biologic e
saltatory e. the theory that e. of a new species from an older one may occur as a large jump, such as a major repatterning of chromosomes, rather than by gradual accumulation of small steps or mutations. Cf. emergent e.
spontaneous e. the unaided delivery of the fetus from a transverse lie.
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A forcible pulling out or extraction. Cf. avulsion. [L. evulsio, fr. e-vello, pp. -vulsus, to pluck out]
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William, English physician, 1848-1929. See E.'s procedure, sign.
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A female sheep of breeding age.
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James H., pathologist, 1798-1827. See E.'s sign.
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James, U.S. pathologist, 1866-1943. See E.'s sarcoma, tumor.
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Newly named genus of Enterobacteriaceae.
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Out of, from, away from. [L. and G. out of]
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Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one quintillion (1018).
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An increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs or symptoms. [L. ex- acerbo, pp. -atus, to exasperate, increase, fr. acerbus, sour]
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An utterance, discourse, or address conveying a marked level of joy, glee, and happiness.
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Any investigation or inspection made for the purpose of diagnosis; usually qualified by the method used.
cytologic e. microscopic examination of cells, especially for diagnosis of disease.
EMG e. 1. needle electrode examination portion of the electrodiagnostic examination (limited sense); 2. synonym for entire electrodiagnostic examination, including not only the needle electrode examination (electromyogram proper), but the nerve conduction studies as well (expanded sense).
Papanicolaou e. See Pap test.
physical e. e. by means such as visual inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to collect information for diagnosis.
postmortem e. autopsy
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One who performs an examination. [L. examino, to weigh, examine]
medical e. 1. a physician who examines a person and reports upon his physical condition to the company or individual at whose request the examination was made; 2. in states or municipalities where the office of coroner has been abolished, a physician appointed to investigate all cases of sudden, violent, or suspicious death.
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exanthema
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A skin eruption occurring as a symptom of an acute viral or coccal disease, as in scarlet fever or measles.anthema, exanthem; [G. efflorescence, an eruption, fr. anthos, flower]
Boston e. a viral disease resembling e. subitum, with the e., if it develops, appearing after the fever has subsided; it is caused by strain 16 of ECHO virus. [after the city in which an epidemic occurred]
epidemic e. epidemic polyarthritis
equine coital e. a disease of horses caused by equine herpesvirus 3 and characterized by pustular and ulcerative lesions on the vaginal and vestibular mucosa and on the skin of the penis, prepuce, and the perineal region.
keratoid e. a symptom occurring in the secondary stage of yaws: patches of fine, light colored, furfuraceous desquamation, scattered irregularly over limbs and trunk.
e. subi´tum a disease due to herpes virus-6 of infants and young children, marked by sudden onset with fever lasting several days (sometimes with convulsions) and followed by a fine macular (sometimes maculopapular) rash that appears within a few hours to a day after the fever has subsided.pseudorubella, roseola infantilis, roseola infantum, sixth disease;
vesicular e. an extinct disease of swine caused by vesicular e. virus of swine, a member of the family Caliciviridae; it closely resembled foot-and-mouth disease and, in swine, was characterized by fever, loss of weight, and vesicles on the snout, tongue, and feet.
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Relating to an exanthema.
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1. A rash or exanthem. 2. The coming out of a rash or eruption. [G.]
e. arthro´sia dengue
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An external cause of disease, one not originating in the body. [G. ex, out of, + anthropos, man]
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Originating outside of the human body.
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periarteritis
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disarticulation [L. ex, out, + articulus, joint]
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Absence, suppression, or failure of development of one of a series of structures, as of a digit or vertebra. [G. ex, from, + chalao, to abate, release]
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excavation (1) [L. fr. ex-cavo, pp. -cavatus, to hollow out, fr. ex, out, + cavus, hollow]
e. dis´ci [NA] excavation of optic disc
e. papil´lae excavation of optic disc
e. rectouteri´na [NA] rectouterine pouch
e. rectovesica´lis [NA] rectovesical pouch
e. vesicouteri´na [NA] uterovesical pouch
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1. A natural cavity, pouch, or recess.excavatio [NA]; 2. A cavity formed artificially or as the result of a pathologic process.
atrophic e. an exaggeration of the normal or physiologic cupping of the optic disk caused by atrophy of the optic nerve.
glaucomatous e. glaucomatous cup
e. of optic disc the normally occurring depression or pit in the center of the optic disc.excavatio disci [NA], depression of optic disk, excavatio papillae, physiologic cup, physiologic e;
physiologic e. e. of optic disc
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1. An instrument like a large sharp spoon or scoop, used in scraping out pathologic tissue. 2. In dentistry, an instrument, generally a small spoon or curette, for cleaning out and shaping a carious cavity preparatory to filling.
hatchet e. See hatchet.
hoe e. a single-beveled dental e., with the blade at an angle to the axis of the handle and the cutting edge perpendicular to the plane of the angle.
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A nodular outgrowth of cementum on the root surface of a tooth.
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Alternative spelling for eccentric (2, 3).
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That which is more than the usual or specified amount.
antibody e. in a precipitation test, the presence of antibody in an amount greater than that required to combine with all of the antigen present.
antigen e. 1. in a precipitation test, the presence of uncombined antigen above that required to combine with all of the antibody; precipitation may be inhibited because the presence of excess antigen gives rise to soluble antigen-antibody complexes; 2. in vivo the resultant antigen-antibody interaction in such an antigen e. may give rise to immune complexes, which have a potential to induce cellular damage; such injury underlies the pathologic changes seen in certain immune complex diseases.
base e. a measure of metabolic alkalosis, usually predicted from the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram; the amount of strong acid that would have to be added per unit volume of whole blood to titrate it to pH 7.4 while at 37°C and at a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg.
convergence e. that condition in which an esophoria or esotropia is greater for near vision than for far vision.
negative base e. a measure of metabolic acidosis, usually predicted from the Siggaard-Andersen nomogram; the amount of strong alkali that would have to be added per unit volume of whole blood to titrate it to pH 7.4 while at 37°C and at a carbon dioxide pressure of 40 mm Hg.
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To substitute one thing for another, or the act of such substitution.
sister chromatid e. the e. during mitosis of homologous genetic material between sister chromatids; increased as a result of inordinate chromosomal fragility due to genetic or environmental factors. See recombination.
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A more or less inert substance added in a prescription as a diluent or vehicle or to give form or consistency when the remedy is given in pill form; e.g., simple syrup, aromatic powder, honey, and various elixirs. [L. excipiens; pres. p. of ex- cipio, to take out]
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To cut out. See also resect.
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1. The act of cutting out; the surgical removal of part or all of a structure or organ.resection (2); See also resection. 2. In molecular biology, a recombination event in which a genetic element is removed.exeresis; [L. excido, to cut out]
loop e. a diagnostic and therapeutic gynecological surgical technique for removing dysplastic cells from the cervix.loop resection; In this office procedure conducted with the aid of colposcopy, a small wire loop is used to excise visible patches of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Like cauterization, cryosurgery, and CO2 laser procedures, loop excision can be done with local anaesthetic, and is an uncomplicated, relatively inexpensive way of removing dysplastic cells; in addition, it provides material for biopsy. It is not advised for cases of severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which are better addressed by cervical conization, an inpatient procedure.
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Having the capability of being excitable.
supranormal e. at the end of phase three of the cardiac action potential, the successful stimulation threshold falls below (i.e., less negative than) the level necessary to produce excitation during the rest of the phase of diastole, so that an ordinary subthreshold stimulus becomes effective. Cf. supranormal conduction.
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1. Capable of quick response to a stimulus; having potentiality for emotional arousal. Cf. irritable. 2. In neurophysiology, referring to a tissue, cell, or membrane capable of undergoing excitation in response to an adequate stimulus.
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stimulant [L. excito, pp. -atus, pres. p. -ans, to arouse]
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1. The act of increasing the rapidity or intensity of the physical or mental processes. 2. In neurophysiology, the complete all-or-none response of a nerve or muscle to an adequate stimulus, ordinarily including propagation of e. along the membranes of the cell or cells involved. See also stimulation.
anomalous atrioventricular e. ectopic atrial beat conducted to the ventricle.
ventricular pre-e. See Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
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Tending to produce excitation.
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An emotional state sometimes characterized by its potential for impulsive or poorly controlled activity.
catatonic e. an excited catatonic state seen in one of the schizophrenic disorders. See catatonia.
manic e. an excited mental state seen in a bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder characterized by hyperactivity, talkativeness, flight of ideas, pressured speech, grandiosity, and, occasionally, grandiose delusions. See mania, manic-depressive.acute mania;
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Increasing the secretory activity of a gland.
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Increasing the activity of the metabolic processes.
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Causing or increasing the rapidity of motion.centrokinetic (2);
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Causing muscular activity.
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stimulant (2)
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Stimulating to secretion.
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Possessing the property of exciting and then poisoning cells or tissues; examples include nerve injury produced by glutamate. [excite + G. toxikon, poison]
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Toxins that bind to certain receptors (e.g., certain glutamate receptors) and may cause neuronal cell death; e.'s may be involved in brain damage associated with strokes.
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Increasing the activity of the circulation.
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An outlying, detached portion of a gland or other part, such as the thyroid or pancreas; an accessory gland. [L. ex, out, + -clave (in enclave)]
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A shutting out; disconnection from the main portion. [L. ex- cludo, pp. -clusus, to shut out]
allelic e. in each cell of an individual heterozygous at an autosomal locus, the non-preferential suppression of the phenotypic manifestation of one or other of the alleles; the phenotype of the body is thus mosaic. Cf. lyonization.
Devine e. e. of the lower part of the stomach, followed by gastrojejunostomy, for treatment of duodenal ulcer.
e. of pupil seclusion of pupil
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A member of a conjugating pair of protozoan ciliates after separation and prior to the subsequent mitotic division of each of the e.'s. See also conjugant, conjugation (3) . [ex- + L. conjugo, to join]
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To scratch or otherwise denude the skin by physical means.
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A scratch mark; a linear break in the skin surface, usually covered with blood or serous crusts. [L. excorio, to skin, strip, fr. corium, skin, hide]
neurotic e. repeated self-induced e., with or without underlying skin lesions, associated with compulsive or neurotic behavioral problems.
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Waste matter or any excretion cast out of the body; e.g., feces. [L. ex- cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]
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Relating to any excrement.
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Any outgrowth from a surface. [L. ex- cresco, pp. -cretus, to grow forth]
Lambl's e.'s small pointed projections from the edges of the aortic cusps of unknown significance.
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excretion (2) [L. neut. pl. of excretus, pp. of ex-cerno, to separate]
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To separate from the blood and cast out; to perform excretion.
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1. The process whereby the undigested residue of food and the waste products of metabolism are eliminated, material is removed to regulate the composition of body fluids and tissues, or substances are expelled to perform functions on an exterior surface. 2. The product of a tissue or organ that is material to be passed out of the body.excreta; Cf. secretion. [see excrement]
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Relating to excretion.
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Any movement from one point to another, usually with the implied idea of returning again to the original position.
lateral e. movement of the mandible to the right or left side.
protrusive e. movement of the mandible to a position forward of the centric position.
retrusive e. the slight backward and return movement of the mandible between the position of closure and a slightly posterior position.
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A cycloduction in which the upper pole of the cornea is rotated outward (laterally). [ex- + cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
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A cyclophoria in which the upper poles of each cornea tend to rotate laterally. [ex- + cyclo- + G. phora, a carrying]
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extorsion (2) [ex- + cyclo- + L. torqueo, pp. torsus, to twist]
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A cyclotropia in which the upper poles of the corneas are rotated outward (laterally) relative to each other. [ex- + cyclo- + G. trope, a turning]
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Rotation of the upper pole of each cornea outwards. [ex- + cyclo- + L. vergo, to bend, incline]
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Removal from a cyst; denoting the action of certain encysted organisms in escaping from their envelope.
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lateroduction [ex- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
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A condition, as in shock, in which a considerable portion of the blood is removed from the main circulation but remains within blood vessels in certain areas where it is stagnant. [G. ex, out of, + haima, blood]
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exencephaly
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Relating to exencephaly.exencephalous;
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Herniation of the brain. [ex, out, + G. enkephalos, brain, + kele, tumor]
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exencephalic
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Condition in which the skull is defective with the brain exposed or extruding.exencephalia; [G. ex, out, + enkephalos, brain]
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Removal of internal organs and tissues, usually radical removal of the contents of a body cavity.evisceration (1); [G. ex, out, + enteron, bowel]
anterior pelvic e. removal of the urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureter, vagina, uterus, adnexa, and adjacent lymph nodes; a urinary diversion is necessary.
orbital e. removal of the entire contents of the orbit.
pelvic e. removal of all of the organs and adjacent structures of the pelvis; usually performed to surgically ablate cancer involving urinary bladder, uterine cervix, or rectum.
posterior pelvic e. removal of the vagina, uterus, adnexa, rectum, anus, and adjacent lymph nodes; a colostomy is necessary.
total pelvic e. removal of the urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureter, vagina, uterus, adnexa, rectum, anus, and adjacent lymph nodes; a colostomy and urinary diversion are necessary.Brunschwig's operation;
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Inflammation of the peritoneal covering of the intestine. [G. exo, on the outside, + enteritis]
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1. Active: bodily exertion for the sake of restoring the organs and functions to a healthy state or keeping them healthy. 2. Passive: motion of limbs without effort by the patient.
isometric e. e. consisting of muscular contractions without movement of the involved parts of the body.
isotonic e. isotonic contraction
Kegel's e.'s alternate contraction and relaxation of perineal muscles for treatment of urinary stress incontinence.
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excision [G. exairesis, a taking out, fr. haireo, to take, grasp]
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Referring to a chemical reaction that takes place with release of Gibbs free energy to its surroundings. Cf. endergonic. [exo- + G. ergon, work]
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The extrusion of rapidly waving flagellum-like microgametes from microgametocytes; in the case of human malaria parasites, this occurs in the blood meal taken by the proper anopheline vector within a few minutes after ingestion of the infected blood by the mosquito.polymitus;
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1. Detachment and shedding of superficial cells of an epithelium or from any tissue surface. 2. Scaling or desquamation of the horny layer of epidermis, which varies in amount from minute quantities to shedding the entire integument. 3. Loss of deciduous teeth following physiological loss of root structure. [Mod. L. fr. L. ex, out, + folium, leaf]
e. of lens sheetlike separation of the capsule of the lens; it may occur if the eyes are exposed to intense heat.
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Marked by exfoliation, desquamation, or profuse scaling. [Mod. L. exfoliativus]
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1. Breathing out.expiration (1); 2. The giving forth of gas or vapor. 3. Any exhaled or emitted gas or vapor. [L. ex-halo, pp. -halatus, to breathe out]
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1. To breathe out.expire (1); 2. To emit a gas or vapor or odor.
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1. Extreme fatigue; inability to respond to stimuli. 2. Removal of contents; using up of a supply of anything. 3. Extraction of the active constituents of a drug by treating with water, alcohol, or other solvent. [L. ex-haurio, pp. -haustus, to draw out, empty]
combat e. See battle fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder, war neurosis.
heat e. a form of reaction to heat, marked by prostration, weakness, and collapse, resulting from severe dehydration.
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A morbid compulsion to expose a part of the body, especially the genitals, with the intent of provoking sexual interest in the viewer.
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One who engages in exhibitionism.
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Mentally stimulating. [L. ex-hilaro, pp. -atus, pres. p. -ans, to gladden]
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Pertaining to a branch of philosophy, existentialism, concerned with the search for the meaning of one's own existence, that has been extended into existential psychotherapy. [L. existentia, existence]
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An exit or outlet; death. [L. fr. ex-eo, pp. -itus, to go out]
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Siegmund, Austrian physiologist, 1846-1926. See Call-E. bodies, under body; E.'s plexus.
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Exterior, external, or outward. See also ecto-. [G. exo, outside]
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A glucanohydrolase acting on a glycosidic bond near an end of the polysaccharide; e.g., beta-amylase.
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ectoantigen
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ectocardia
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1. Denoting glandular secretion delivered to an apical or luminal surface.eccrine (1); 2. Denoting a gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts. [exo- + G. krino, to separate]
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Relating to atoms or groups attached to a cyclic structure but not themselves cyclic; e.g., the -CH3 group of toluene. Cf. endocyclic.
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1. The appearance of migrating inflammatory cells in the epidermis. 2. The process whereby secretory granules or droplets are released from a cell; the membrane around the granule fuses with the cell membrane, which ruptures, and the secretion is discharged.emeiocytosis, emiocytosis; Cf. endocytosis. [exo- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]
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1. exophoria 2. exotropia
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The branch of dental practice concerned with the extraction of teeth. [exo- + G. odous, tooth]
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One who specializes in the extraction of teeth.
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extracellular enzyme
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Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation of two gametes of different ancestry, as in certain protozoan species. [exo- + G. gamos, marriage]
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An abnormal embryo in which the primitive gut has been everted.
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exogenous
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In microbial genetics, the fragment of genetic material that has been transferred from a donor to the recipient and, being homologous for a region of the recipient's original genome (endogenote), produces in the homologous region a condition analogous to diploidy. [exo + genote]
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Originating or produced outside of the organism.ectogenous, exogenetic; [exo- + G. -gen, production]
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A hydrolase removing terminal a-1,4-linked d-glucose residues from nonreducing ends of chains, with release of beta-d-glucose.acid maltase, amyloglucosidase, gamma-amylase, glucoamylase;
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A modified elevator for the extraction of tooth roots. [exo- + L. levare, to raise]
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1. Protrusion of the umbilicus.exumbilication (1); 2. umbilical hernia 3. omphalocele [G. ex, out, + omphalos, umbilicus]
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A portion of a DNA that codes for a section of the mature messenger RNA from that DNA, and is therefore expressed ("translated" into protein) at the ribosome. [ex- + on]
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The variation in the patterns by which RNA may produce diverse sets of exons from a single gene.
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A nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time, serially, beginning at one end of a polynucleotide (nucleic acid); several have been prepared from Escherichia coli, designated e. I, e. II, etc.; e. III, which removes nucleotides from 3´ ends of DNA, is used in DNA sequencing. Cf. endonuclease.
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An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the terminal amino acid of a peptide chain; e.g., carboxypeptidase. Cf. endopeptidase.
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A genus of pathogenic fungi having dematiaceous conidiophores with one- or two-celled annelloconidia. They cause mycetoma or phaeohyphomycosis; in cases of mycetoma, black granules develop in subcutaneous abscesses; in cases of phaeohyphomycosis, sclerotic bodies are found in tissues. [exo + G. phiale, a broad flat vessel]
E. jeansel´mei a species found in cases of mycetoma or phaeohyphomycosis.
E. wernec´kii a species that causes tinea nigra.Cladosporium werneckii;
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Tendency of the eyes to deviate outward when fusion is suspended.exodeviation (1); [exo- + G. phora, a carrying]
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Relating to exophoria.
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Relating to exophthalmos; marked by prominence of the eyeball.
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An instrument to measure the distance between the anterior pole of the eye and a fixed reference point, often the zygomatic bone.orthometer, proptometer, statometer; [exophthalmos + G. metron, measure]
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Protrusion of one or both eyeballs; can be congenital and familial, or due to pathology, such as a retro-orbital tumor (usually unilateral) or thyroid disease (usually bilateral).proptosis; [G. ex, out, + ophthalmos, eye]
endocrine e. e. associated with thyroid gland disorders. See Graves' ophthalmopathy, Graves' orbitopathy.
malignant e. relentless, progressive protrusion of the eyeballs.
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An exterior or external plant parasite. [exo- + G. phyton, plant]
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1. Pertaining to an exophyte. 2. Denoting a neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.
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ectoplasm
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Serous exudation from the skin surface, as in eczema or abrasions.
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1. All hard parts, such as hair, teeth, nails, feathers, dermal plates, scales, etc., developed from the ectoderm or somatic mesoderm in vertebrates.dermoskeleton; 2. Outer chitinous envelope of an insect, or the chitinous or calcareous covering of certain Crustacea and other invertebrates.
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An exogenous spore, not encased in a sporangium. [exo- + G. sporos, seed]
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The outer envelope of a spore.
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Removal of an exostosis.exostosectomy; [exostosis + G. ektome, excision]
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exostectomy
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A cartilage-capped bony projection arising from any bone that develops from cartilage. See also osteochondroma.hyperostosis (2), poroma (2); [exo- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
e. bursa´ta an e. arising from the joint surface of a bone and covered with cartilage and a synovial sac.
e. cartilagin´ea an ossified chondroma arising from the epiphysis or joint surface of a bone.
hereditary multiple exostoses [MIM*133700] a disturbance of enchondral bone growth in which multiple, generally benign osteochondromas of long bones appear during childhood, commonly with shortening of the radius and fibula; the ill-effects are usually mechanical but malignant change is rare; autosomal dominant inheritance.diaphysial aclasis, hereditary deforming chondrodystrophy (1), multiple e., osteochondromatosis;
ivory e. a small, rounded, eburnated tumor arising from a bone, usually one of the cranial bones.
multiple e. hereditary multiple exostoses
solitary osteocartilaginous e. osteochondroma
subungual e. painful osseous outgrowths that elevate the nail of the great toe or fingers in young people.
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Of external origin; arising outside the organism. [G. exoterikos, outer]
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1. Denoting a chemical reaction during which heat (i.e., enthalpy) is emitted. Cf. endothermic. 2. Relating to the external warmth of the body. [exo- + G. therme, heat]
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1. Relating to an exotoxin. 2. Relating to the introduction of an exogenous poison or toxin.
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A specific, soluble, antigenic, usually heat labile, injurious substance elaborated by certain Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria; it is formed within the cell, but is released into the environment where it is rapidly active in extremely small amounts; most e.'s are protein in nature (MW 70,000 to 900,000) and can have the toxic portion of the molecule destroyed by heat, prolonged storage, or chemicals; the nontoxic but antigenic form is a toxoid.ectotoxin, extracellular toxin;
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That type of strabismus in which the visual axes diverge; may be paralytic or concomitant, monocular or alternating, constant or intermittent.divergent squint, divergent strabismus, exodeviation (2), external squint, wall-eye (1); [exo- + G. trope, turn]
A-e. divergent strabismus greater in downward than in upward gaze.
basic e. e. in which the strabismus is the same for near and far vision.
divergence excess e. e. in which the strabismus is notably greater for far vision than for near vision.
divergence insufficiency e. e. in which the strabismus is notably greater for near vision than for far vision.
V-e. divergent strabismus greater in upward than in downward gaze.
X-e. increasing divergence from primary position in both upward and downward gaze.
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1. An increase in size as of chest or lungs. 2. The spreading out of any structure, as a tendon. 3. An expanse; a wide area. [L. ex-pando, pp. -pansus, to spread out]
clonal e. (klo´nal) production of daughter cells all arising originally from a single cell.
extensor e. extensor digital e
extensor digital e. a triangular tendinous aponeurosis including the tendon of the extensor digitorum centrally, interosseus tendons on each side, and a lumbrical tendon laterally. It covers the dorsal aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint and the proximal phalanx.dorsal hood, extensor aponeurosis, extensor e;
hygroscopic e. 1. e. due to the absorption of moisture; 2. in dental casting, the addition of water to the surface of the casting investment during setting to increase the size of the mold.
perceptual e. development of an ability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli through associations with past similar stimuli; perceptual e. by relaxation of defenses is a goal of psychotherapy.
setting e. the dimensional increase that occurs concurrently with the hardening of various materials, such as plaster of Paris.
wax e. in dentistry, a method of expanding wax patterns to compensate for the shrinkage of gold during the casting process.
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A state of optimism, loquacity, and reactivity.
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In probability theory and statistics the true mean or average (of a sample distribution).
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The average number of years of life an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply; a statistical abstraction based on existing age-specific death rates.
e.o.l. at age x The average number of additional years a person aged x would live if current mortality trends continue to apply, based on the age-specific death rates for a given year.
e.o.l. at birth Average number of years of life a newborn baby can be expected to live if current mortality trends continue.
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In probability theory and statistics, interchangeable with mean or average; it need not be a probable or even possible value. For instance, the expected number of children in completed families may be 2.53, but that is not a possible size of any actual family.
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1. Promoting secretion from the mucous membrane of the air passages or facilitating its expulsion. 2. An agent that increases bronchial secretion and facilitates its expulsion. [L. ex, out, + pectus, chest]
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To spit; to eject saliva, mucus, or other fluid from the mouth.
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1. Mucus and other fluids formed in the air passages and upper food passages (the mouth), and expelled by coughing. See also sputum (1) . 2. The act of spitting; the expelling from the mouth of saliva, mucus, and other material from the air or upper food passages.spitting;
prune-juice e. prune-juice sputum
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The feeling of emotions and sensations, as opposed to thinking; involvement in what is happening rather than abstract reflection on an event or interpersonal encounter. [L. experientia, fr. experior, to try]
corrective emotional e. reexposure under favorable circumstances to an emotional situation with which one could not cope in the past.
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1. A study in which the investigator intentionally alters one or more factors under controlled conditions in order to study the effects of doing so. 2. In nuclear magnetic resonance, the term applied to a pulse sequence. [L. experimentum, fr. experior, to test, try]
Carr-Purcell e. in magnetic resonance, the multiple spin echo technique.
control e. an e. used to check another, to verify the result, or to demonstrate what would have occurred had the factor under study been omitted. See also control, control animal.
delayed reaction e. a method of measuring memory: a stimulus is presented and removed before the organism is permitted to respond to it; the interval during which the stimulus is absent, providing the organism responds correctly, is an indication of the length of memory.
double blind e. an e. conducted with neither experimenter nor subjects knowing which e. is the control; prevents bias in recording results. See also double-masked e.
double-masked e. a double-blind study conducted so neither the subject nor the observer know the identity of the control or variable.
factorial e.'s an experimental design in which two or more series of treatments are tried in all combinations.
hertzian e.'s e.'s demonstrating that electromagnetic induction is propagated in waves, analogous to waves of light but not affecting the retina.
Mariotte's e. an e. in which one looks fixedly with one eye (the other being closed), at a black dot on a card, on which is also marked a black cross; as the card is moved to or from the eye, at a certain distance the cross becomes invisible but appears again as the card is moved further; this proves the absence of photoreceptors where the optic nerve enters the eye.
Nussbaum's e. exclusion of the glomeruli of the kidney from the circulation by ligation of the renal artery in animals, such as the frog, that have a renal portal system to maintain circulation to the tubules.
pulse-chase e. an e. in which an enzyme, a metabolic pathway, a culture of cells, etc., interacts with a brief addition (pulse) of a labeled compound followed by its removal and replacement (chase) by an excess of unlabeled compound.
Scheiner's e. a demonstration of accommodation; through two minute holes in a card, separated from each other by less than the diameter of the pupil, one looks at a pin; at a short distance from the eye the pin appears double; as it is moved from the eye a point is found where it appears single, and beyond which it remains single for the emmetropic eye, but for the myopic eye it soon again becomes double.
Stensen's e. compression of the abdominal aorta of an animal promptly causes paralysis of the posterior portions of the body since the blood supply to the lumbar cord is almost entirely shut off.
Weber's e. if the peripheral end of the divided vagus nerve is stimulated the heart is arrested in diastole.
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1. exhalation (1) 2. a death. [L. expiro or ex-spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe out]
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Relating to expiration.
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1. exhale (1) 2. To die.
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Living tissue transferred from an organism to an artificial medium for culture.
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The act of transferring an explant.
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An active examination, usually involving endoscopy or a surgical procedure, to ascertain conditions present as an aid in diagnosis. [L. ex-ploro, pp. -ploratus, to explore]
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Relating to, or with a view to, exploration.
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A sharp pointed probe used to investigate natural or restored tooth surfaces in order to detect caries or other defects.
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A sudden and violent increase in volume accompanied by noise and release of energy, as from a chemical change, nuclear reaction, or escape of gases or vapors under pressure. [L. explosio, fr. explodo, to drive away by clapping]
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To perform or undergo exposure. [O. Fr. exposer, fr. L. ex-pono, pp. ex-positum, to set out, expose]
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1. A displaying, revealing, exhibiting, or making accessible. 2. In dentistry, loss of hard tooth structure covering the dental pulp due to caries, dental instrumentation, or trauma. 3. Proximity and/or contact with a source of a disease agent in such a manner that effective transmission of the agent or harmful effects of the agent may occur. 4. The amount of a factor to which a group or individual was exposed, in contrast to the dose, the amount that enters or interacts with the organism.
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To press or squeeze out. [L. ex-premo, pp. -pressus, to press out]
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1. Squeezing out; expelling by pressure. 2. Mobility of the features giving a particular emotional significance to the face.facies (3); 3. Any act by an individual. 4. Something that manifests something else.
differential gene e. gene e. that responds to signals or triggers; a means of gene regulation; e.g., effects of certain hormones on protein biosynthesis.
gene e. 1. the detectable effect of a gene. 2. appearance of an inherited trait; for many reasons genetic (e.g., recessiveness, hypostasis, parastasis) and environmental (the absence of pertinent challenges), a gene may not be expressed at all. In those circumstances, it will have no impact on Darwinian evolution.
integrated rate e. an equation of a chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reaction for the entire progress curve.
e. library a collection of plasmid or phage containing a representative sample of cDNA or genomic fragments that are constructed in such a way that they will be transcribed and translated by the host organism (usually bacteria).
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In clinical genetics, the form in which a gene is manifested.
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Tending to expel. [L. ex-pello, pp. -pulsus, to drive out]
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Extremely intense, keen, sharp; said of pain or tenderness in a part. [L. exquiro, pp. exquisitus, to search out]
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1. To remove or withdraw the circulating blood; to make bloodless. 2. exsanguine [L. ex, out, + sanguis (-guin), blood]
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Removal of blood; making exsanguine.
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Deprived of blood.exsanguinate (2);
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Rarely used term for excise. [L. ex- seco, pp. -sectus, to cut out]
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Rarely used term for excision.
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desiccant
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desiccate
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1. desiccation 2. The removal of water of crystallization.dehydration (3); [L. ex sicco, pp. siccatus, to dry up]
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To remove from the body. [G. ex, out of, + soma, body]
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Movement of substances from the blood into the lumen of the gut. [G. ex, out, + sorbere, to suck]
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Congenital eversion of a hollow organ.ecstrophe; [G. ex, out, + strophe, a turning]
e. of the bladder a congenital gap in the anterior wall of the bladder and the abdominal wall in front of it, the posterior wall of the bladder being exposed.ectopia vesicae;
e. of the cloaca a developmental anomaly in which an area of intestinal mucosa is interposed between two separate areas of the urinary bladder.ectopia cloacae;
cloacal e. congenital anomaly with two exstrophied bladder units separated by an exstrophied segment of intestine, which is usually cecum, receiving ileum superiorly and continuing distally to blend microcolon. A number of variants of anatomic disarray can occur.
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To straighten a limb, to diminish or extinguish the angle formed by flexion; to place the distal segment of a limb in such a position that its axis is continuous with that of the proximal segment. [L. ex- tendo, pp. -tensus, to stretch out]
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1. The act of bringing the distal portion of a joint in continuity (though only parallel) with the long axis of the proximal portion. 2. A pulling or dragging force exerted on a limb in a distal direction. 3. Obsolete term for traction. [L. extensio, to stretch out]
Buck's e. apparatus for applying longitudinal skin traction on the leg through contact between the skin and adhesive tape; friction between the tape and skin permits application of force, which is applied through a cord over a pulley, suspending a weight; elevation of the foot of the bed allows the body to act as a counterweight.Buck's traction;
nail e. an obsolete method of e., by a weight on a nail or pin in the distal fragment of a fracture.
primer e. a technique for determining the 5´-untranslated region of a specific mRNA molecule. Uses an oligonucleotide complementary to the known RNA sequence as a primer for cDNA synthesis via reverse transcriptase.
ridge e. an intraoral surgical operation for deepening the labial, buccal, and/or lingual sulci; it is performed to increase the intraoral height of the alveolar ridge in order to assist denture retention.
skeletal e. skeletal traction
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A muscle the contraction of which causes movement at a joint with the consequence that the limb or body assumes a more straight line, or so that the distance between the parts proximal and distal to the joint is increased or extended; the antagonist of a flexor. See muscle. [L. one who stretches, fr. ex-tendo, to stretch out]
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Outside; external. [L.]
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1. To direct a patient's interests, thoughts, or feelings into a channel leading outside the self, to some definite aim or object. 2. To expose an organ temporarily for observation, or permanently for purposes of physiologic experiment, e.g., fixation of a segment of bowel with blood supply intact to the outer aspect of the abdominal wall.
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An advanced student or recent graduate who assists in the medical or surgical care of hospital patients; formerly, one who lived outside of the institution. [F. externe, outside, a day scholar]
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On the outside or farther from the center; often incorrectly used to mean lateral.externus; [L. externus]
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external
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Relating to the exteroceptors; denoting the surface of the body containing the end organs adapted to receive impressions or stimuli from without. [L. exterus, outside, + capio, to take]
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One of the peripheral end organs of the afferent nerves in the skin or mucous membrane, which respond to stimulation by external agents. [L. exterus, external, + receptor, receiver]
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Pertaining to the response of the nervous system to external stimuli. [L. extero, from outside, + affectus, affected]
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1. In behavior modification or classical or operant conditioning, a progressive decrease in the frequency of a response that is not positively reinforced; the withdrawal of reinforcers known to maintain an undesirable behavior. See conditioning. 2. absorbance [L. extinguo, to quench]
specific e. specific absorption coefficient
visual e. pseudo-hemianopia
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1. To abolish; to quench, as a flame; to cause loss of identity; to destroy. 2. In psychology, to progressively abolish a previously conditioned response. See conditioning. [L. extinguo, to quench]
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Partial or complete removal of an organ or diseased tissue. [L. extirpo, to root out, fr. stirps, a stalk, root]
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William G., U.S. physician, 1876-1943. See E. reagent.
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1. Outward rotation of a limb or of an organ. 2. Conjugate rotation of the upper poles of each cornea outward.excyclotorsion; [L. extorsio, fr. ex- torqueo, to twist out]
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An outward rotator.
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Without, outside of. [L.]
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Outside of a joint.
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Off the axis; applied to intracerebral lesions that do not arise from the brain itself.
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Outside or not part of the cheek.
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Outside of or unrelated to any bulb, such as the bulb of the urethra, or the medulla oblongata.
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Outside of a calix.
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Outside of the capsule of a joint.
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1. Outside of, having no relation to, the carpus. 2. On the outer side of the carpus.
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Outside the cells.
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Outside of, or separated from, a chromosome.
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Outside of, or unrelated to, the body or any anatomical "corpus."
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Outside the corpuscles, especially the blood corpuscles.
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Outside of the cranial cavity.
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1. (ek´strakt) A concentrated preparation of a drug obtained by removing the active constituents of the drug with suitable solvents, evaporating all or nearly all of the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to the prescribed standard. 2. (ek-strakt´) To remove part of a mixture with a solvent. 3. To perform extraction. [L. ex-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw out]
alcoholic e. a solid e. obtained by extracting the alcohol-soluble principles of a drug, followed by the evaporation of the alcohol.
allergenic e. e. (usually containing protein) from various sources, e.g., food, bacteria, pollen, and the like, suspected of specific action in stimulating manifestations of allergy; may be used for skin testing or desensitization.allergic e;
allergic e. allergenic e
belladonna e. a powdered e. from the leaves and/or roots of Atropa belladonna; used to formulate various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Contains the alkaloids of belladonna (atropine and scopolamine) and has been used in the treatment of ulcers, diarrhea, and parkinsonism.
Büchner e. a cell-free e. of yeast, such as was prepared by Eduard and Hans Büchner and observed to catalyze alcoholic fermentation; this observation essentially eliminated "vitalism" as being responsible for biological chemical reactions and initiated the beginnings of modern biochemistry (enzymology).
equivalent e. a fluidextract of the same strength, weight for weight, as the original drug.valoid;
fluid e. See fluidextract.
hydroalcoholic e. a solid e. obtained by extracting the soluble principles of the drug with alcohol and water, followed by evaporation of the solution.
liquid e. fluidextract
pollen e. liquid obtained by extracting the protein from the pollen of plants used for diagnostic testing or treatment.
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An agent used to isolate or extract a substance from a mixture or combination of substances, from the tissues, or from a crude drug.
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1. Luxation and removal of a tooth from its alveolus. 2. Partitioning of material (solute) into a solvent. 3. The active portion of a drug; the making of an extract. 4. Surgical removal by pulling out. 5. Removal of the fetus from the uterus or vagina at or near the end of pregnancy, either manually or with instruments. 6. Removal by suction of the product of conception before a menstrual period has been missed. [L. ex-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw out]
Baker's pyridine e. hot pyridine treatment of tissues fixed in dilute Bouin's fixative, used to extract phospholipids from tissues as a control in the histochemical staining of this material.
breech e. obstetrical e. of the baby by the buttocks.
partial breech e. assisted breech delivery by the obstetrician with spontaneous delivery of the fetus to the level of the umbilicus.
podalic e. obstetrical e. of the baby by the feet.
serial e. the selective e. of certain deciduous or permanent teeth, or both, during the early years of dental development, usually with the eventual e. of the first, or occasionally the second, premolars, to encourage autonomous adjustment of moderate to severe crowding of anterior teeth; it may or may not require subsequent orthodontic treatment.
spontaneous breech e. delivery of a fetus in the breech presentation without e. by the obstetrician.
total breech e. delivery of a fetus in breech presentation with complete e. of the entire fetal body from the uterus.
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Substances present in vegetable or animal tissue that can be separated by successive treatment with solvents and recovered by evaporation of the solution.
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Instrument for use in drawing or pulling out any natural part, as a tooth, or a foreign body.
vacuum e. device for producing traction upon the head of a fetus by means of a soft cup held by a vacuum.
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Outside of, or unrelated to, the gallbladder or urinary bladder or any cystic tumor.
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1. On the outer side of the dura mater. 2. Unconnected with the dura mater.
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Outside the embryonic body; e.g., those membranes involved with the embryo's protection and nutrition which are discarded at birth without being incorporated in its body.
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Not relating to, or connected with, an epiphysis.
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Outside of, away from, or unrelated to, the genital organs.
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Outside of, or unrelated to, the liver.
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Attributing or projecting one's own psychic process to another person. [L. ex, out of, + jacio, to cast]
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Outside of, or unconnected with, a ligament.
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lateral malleolus
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Outside of, or unrelated to, any medulla, especially the medulla oblongata.
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Outside of the mitochondria.
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Outside, not in the substance of, the wall of a part. [extra- + L. murus, wall]
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Outside of the organism and not belonging to it. [L. extraneus]
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Located outside, or not involving, a cell nucleus.
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Adjacent to but outside the eyeball.
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Outside of the oral cavity; external to the oral cavity. In its usual use it includes anything external to the lips and cheeks also.
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Outside the egg;existence after hatching from the egg, as in reptiles and birds.
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Unconnected with any papillary structure.
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Unrelated to the parenchyma of an organ.
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Not connected with the perineum.
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Not connected with, or unrelated to, the periosteum.
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Outside of the peritoneal cavity.
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Outside of the domain of physiology; more than physiologic, therefore pathologic.
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Unrelated to the placenta.
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Outside of, or independent of, the prostate.
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Denoting the psychological dynamics that occur in the mind in association with the individual's exchanges with other persons or events. Cf. intrapsychic.
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Outside of, or having no relation to, the lungs.
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Other than the pyramidal tract. See extrapyramidal motor system.
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Outside or beyond the ordinary senses; not limited to the senses, as in extrasensory perception.
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Outside a serous cavity.
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Outside of, or unrelated to, the body.
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A nonspecific word for an ectopic beat from any source in the heart.premature beat, premature systole;
atrial e. a premature contraction of the heart arising from an ectopic atrial focus.auricular e;
atrioventricular e. (AVE) , A-V e. an e. arising from the "junctional" tissues, either the A-V node or A-V bundle.junctional e;
atrioventricular nodal e. , A-V nodal e. a premature beat arising from the A-V junction and leading to a simultaneous or almost simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles.
auricular e. atrial e
infranodal e. ventricular e
interpolated e. a ventricular e. which, instead of being followed by a compensatory pause, is sandwiched between two consecutive sinus cycles.
junctional e. atrioventricular e
lower nodal e. obsolete term for a nodal e. supposed to arise from the lower part of the A-V node, recognized in the electrocardiogram by the retrograde P wave that follows the QRS complex.
midnodal e. obsolete term for a nodal e. supposed to arise from the midportion of the A-V node and recognized in the electrocardiogram by absence of the P wave that is lost within the normal QRS complex.
return e. a form of reciprocal rhythm in which the impulse having arisen in the ventricle ascends toward the atria, but before reaching the atria is reflected back to the ventricles to produce a second ventricular contraction.
supraventricular e. an e. arising from a center above the ventricle, i.e., arising from the atrium or A-V junction.
upper nodal e. obsolete term for a nodal e. supposed to arise from the upper part of the A-V node; recognized in the electrocardiogram by a retrograde P wave preceding the QRS complex by an abnormally short P-R interval.
ventricular e. a premature contraction of the ventricle.infranodal e;
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1. Outside, having no relation to, the tarsus. 2. On the outer side of the tarsus.
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Outside of the trachea.
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Outside of any tube; specifically, not in the auditory (eustachian) or uterine (fallopian) tubes.
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Outside of the uterus.
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Outside of the vagina.
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1. To exude from or pass out of a vessel into the tissues, said of blood, lymph, or urine. 2. The substance thus exuded.extravasation (2), suffusion (4); [L. extra, out of, + vas, vessel]
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1. The act of extravasating. 2. extravasate (2) [extra- + L. vas, vessel]
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Outside of the blood vessels or lymphatics or of any special blood vessel.
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Outside of any ventricle, especially of one of the ventricles of the heart.
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extroversion
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extrovert
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Outside the field of vision, or beyond the visible spectrum.
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Relating to an extremity. See also distal.
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extremity See limb. [L. fr. extremus, last, outermost]
e. acromia´lis clavic´ulae [NA] acromial extremity of clavicle
e. ante´rior [NA] anterior extremity
e. infe´rior [NA] inferior pole
e. infe´rior ren´is [NA] inferior pole of kidney
e. infe´rior tes´tis [NA] inferior pole of testis
e. poste´rior [NA] posterior extremity
e. sterna´lis clavic´ulae [NA] sternal extremity of clavicle
e. supe´rior [NA] superior pole
e. supe´rior ren´is [NA] superior pole of kidney
e. supe´rior tes´tis [NA] superior pole of testis
e. tuba´ria ovar´ii [NA] tubal extremity of ovary
e. uteri´na ovar´ii [NA] uterine extremity of ovary
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One of the ends of an elongated or pointed structure. Incorrectly used to mean limb.extremitas [NA];
acromial e. of clavicle the flattened lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion and is anchored to the coracoid process by the conoid and trapezoid ligaments.extremitas acromialis claviculae [NA], acromial end of clavicle;
anterior e. specifically, the anterior end of the spleen (extremitas anterior splenis [NA]).extremitas anterior [NA];
anterior e. of caudate nucleus head of the caudate nucleus
inferior e. 1. inferior pole 2. incorrectly, but commonly used for lower limb.
lower e. lower limb
posterior e. specifically, the posterior end of the spleen (extremitas posterior splenis [NA]).extremitas posterior [NA];
sternal e. of clavicle the enlarged medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium sterni.extremitas sternalis claviculae [NA], sternal end of clavicle;
superior e. 1. superior pole 2. incorrectly, but commonly used term for upper limb.
tubal e. of ovary the rounded lateral end of the ovary, usually directed toward the infundibulum of the uterine tube.extremitas tubaria ovarii [NA], lateral pole;
upper e. upper limb
upper e. of fibula head of fibula
uterine e. of ovary the rounded medial end of the ovary, usually directed toward the uterus.extremitas uterina ovarii [NA], medial pole of ovary;
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Originating outside of the part where found or upon which it acts; denoting especially a muscle, such as extrinsic muscles of hand. [L. extrinsecus, from without]
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Evagination of the primitive gut material during gastrulation instead of the normal invagination, as the result of some natural or experimental manipulation of the developing embryo or its environment.
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Constant examination of the skin because of fear of parasites or dirt. [ex- + L. specto, pp. -atus, to look at, inspect]
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1. A turning outward. 2. A trait involving social intercourse, as practiced by an extrovert. Cf. introversion. extraversion; [incorrectly formed fr. L. extra, outside, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]
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A gregarious person whose chief interests lie outside the self, and who is socially self-confident and involved in the affairs of others. Cf. introvert. extravert;
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To thrust, force, or press out.
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1. A thrusting or forcing out of a normal position. 2. The overeruption or migration of a tooth beyond its normal occlusal position.
e. of a tooth elongation of a tooth; movement of a tooth in an occlusal or incisal direction.
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To accomplish extubation.
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Removal of a tube from an organ, structure, or orifice; specifically, removal of the tube after intubation. [L. ex, out, + tuba, tube]
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Denoting excessive proliferation or growth, as of a tissue or granulation. [L. exubero, to abound, be abundant]
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Any fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries, more specifically because of injury or inflammation (e.g., peritoneal pus in peritonitis, or the e. that forms a scab over a skin abrasion) in which case it is characteristically high in protein and white blood cells. Cf. transudate. exudation (2); [L. ex, out, + sudo, to sweat]
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1. The act or process of exuding. 2. exudate
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Relating to the process of exudation or to an exudate.
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In general, to ooze or pass gradually out of a body structure or tissue; more specifically, restricted to a fluid or semisolid that so passes and may become encrusted or infected, because of injury or inflammation. [L. ex, out, + sudo, to sweat]
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Ulcerating.
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1. exomphalos (1) 2. umbilical hernia 3. omphalocele [L. ex, out, + umbilicus, navel]
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Obsolete term for any cast-off parts, as desquamated epidermis. [L. clothing, etc., stripped from the body, fr. exuo, pp. exutus, to strip off]
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1. The organ of vision that consists of the eyeball and the optic nerve;oculus [NA]; 2. The area of the eye, including lids and other accessory organs of the eye; the contents of the orbit (common). [A.S. eage]
amaurotic cat's e. a yellow reflex from the pupil in cases of retinoblastoma or pseudoglioma.
aphakic e. the e. from which the lens is absent.
artificial e. a curved disk of opaque glass or plastic, containing an imitation iris and pupil in the center, inserted beneath the eyelids and supported by the orbital contents after evisceration or enucleation; it may be ready-made (stock) or custom-made.
black e. ecchymosis of the lids and their surroundings.
blear e. blepharitis accompanied by a viscid discharge that tends to cause the lid edges to cling together.lippitude, lippitudo;
bleary e. sore, runny, watery e. with an associated lackluster appearance and, by extension, dimness of vision.
bovine cancer e. a malignant squamous cell carcinoma of cattle, especially the Hereford breed, that originates in the conjunctival mucous membranes or the surrounding skin; it occurs principally in range cattle having unpigmented skin around the eye and living in regions of intense sunlight.
compound e. the eye of arthropods, most highly developed in insects and crustaceans; the e. consists of a group of functionally related visual elements (ommatidia) whose corneal surfaces collectively form a segment of a sphere.
crossed e.'s strabismus
cyclopian e. , cyclopean e. See cyclopia.
dark-adapted e. an e. that has been in darkness or semidarkness and has undergone regeneration of rhodopsin (visual purple), which renders it more sensitive to reduced illumination.scotopic e;
dominant e. the e. that is customarily used for monocular tasks.master e;
epiphysial e. pineal e
exciting e. the injured e. in sympathetic ophthalmia.
fixing e. the e., in cases of strabismus, that is directed toward the object of regard.
hare's e. lagophthalmia
light-adapted e. an e. that has been exposed to light, with bleaching of rhodopsin (visual purple) and insensitivity to low illumination.photopic e;
Listing's reduced e. a representation that simplifies calculations of retinal imagery: radius of anterior refracting surface, 5.1 mm; total length, 20 mm; distance of nodal point to retina, 15 mm.
master e. dominant e
parietal e. pineal e
phakic e. an e. containing the natural lens.
photopic e. light-adapted e
pineal e. a non-image-forming, photoreceptive e. in or near the median line in certain crustacea and lower vertebrates; homologue of pineal gland in higher forms.epiphysial e., parietal e;
pink e. See pinkeye.
raccoon e.'s descriptive term for the appearance produced by subconjunctival hemorrhages.bilateral medial orbital ecchymoses;
reduced e. a simplified design of the ocular optical system, represented as having a single refracting surface and a uniform index of refraction; a model based on this concept is used in retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy.
schematic e. the representation of the optical system of an ideal normal eye in which are listed the curvatures and indices of refraction of the refracting elements and their intervening distances.
scotopic e. dark-adapted e
spectacle e.'s a condition in rats caused by pantothenic acid deficiency, and possibly lack of inositol as well, in which a hairless ring of inflamed skin surrounds the e.'s.
squinting e. the e., in cases of strabismus, that is not directed toward the object of regard.
sympathizing e. the uninjured e. in sympathetic ophthalmia that becomes involved later in the disease process.
watery e. 1. epiphora 2. excessive lacrimation.
web e. pterygium (1)
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The eye proper without the appendages.bulbus oculi [NA], bulb of eye, globe of eye;
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A place where corneas of eyes removed after death are preserved for subsequent keratoplasty.
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The crescentic line of hairs at the superior edge of the orbit.supercilium (1) [NA];
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spectacles
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The fundus of the eye as seen with the ophthalmoscope.
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One of the stiff hairs projecting from the margin of the eyelid.cilium (1);
ectopic e. the condition in which the e.'s grow from the eyelid at a site other than the lid margin.canities poliosis;
piebald e. an isolated bundle of white e.'s among normally pigmented e.'s.canities circumscripta, ciliary poliosis, poliosis;
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One of the two movable folds covering the front of the eyeball when closed; formed of a fibrous core (tarsal plate) and the palpebral portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle covered with skin on the superficial, anterior surface and lined with conjunctiva on the deep, posterior surface; rapid contraction of the contained muscle fibers produces blinking; they each have fixed (orbital) and free margins, the latter separated centrally by the palpebral fissure, united at the lateral and medial palpebral commissures, and bearing eyelashes, the openings of tarsal and ciliary glands and (medially) the lacrimal puncta.palpebra [NA], blepharon, lid;
lower e. the inferior, smaller and less mobile of the two e.'s; a check ligament from the inferior rectus muscle extends into it, pulling the lid inferiorly when the gaze is directed downward.palpebra inferior [NA], lower lid;
third e. plica semilunaris conjunctivae (2)
upper e. the superior, larger and more mobile of the two e.'s which covers most of the anterior surface of the eyeball, including the cornea, when closed; a portion of the lacrimal gland and the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle extend into it, the muscle opening the closed eye and providing additional elevation when the gaze is directed upward.palpebra superior [NA], upper lid;
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The compound lens at the end of the microscope tube nearest the eye; it magnifies the image made by the objective.
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1. A colored spot or plastid (chromatophore) in a unicellular organism. 2. ocellus (1)
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A small smooth shell or other object that is inserted beneath the eyelid for the purpose of removing a foreign body.
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asthenopia
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A soothing solution used for bathing the eye.
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